scholarly journals Why Have cVDPV2 Outbreaks Increased Globally After the Polio Immunization Strategy Switch: Challenges for the Polio Eradication Endgame

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 176-179
Author(s):  
Huaqing Wang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Immunization Strategy ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
Strategy Switch

scholarly journals Polio Today: State of the Global Eradication Program and Modern Strategy of WHO on Immunization

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. E. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Plan ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Immunization Strategy ◽  
Eradication Program ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Global Eradication

The review presents data on the current stature of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative of the WHO. The success of its implementation mainly depends on the solutions of the problems associated with continuing use of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV): vaccine- associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV). The information about the polio immunization strategy proposed by WHO in «Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013 - 2018» is presented.

scholarly journals Ensuring sustainability of polio immunization in health system transition: lessons from the polio eradication initiative in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luthfi Azizatunnisa’ ◽  
Utsamani Cintyamena ◽  
Yodi Mahendradhata ◽  
Riris Andono Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
National Level ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Frontline Workers ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
The Government

Abstract Background Sustaining an effective evidence-based health intervention will maximize its impact on public health. Political and governmental reforms impacted on immunization program sustainability both positively and negatively. This study aims to explore the sustainability of polio immunization in a decentralized health system taking lessons learned from a polio eradication initiative in Indonesia. Methods We collected qualitative data through in-depth interviews with 27 key informants from various backgrounds at district, provincial, and national levels, consisting of frontline workers, managers, and Non-government Organizations (NGOs). We conducted thematic analysis and triangulated using document reviews. We also conducted member checking and peer debriefing to ensure trustworthiness. Results Competing priority was identified as the significant challenge to sustain government commitment for polio immunization and AFP surveillance during the transition toward a decentralized health system. Variation of local government capacities has also affected immunization delivery and commitment at the sub-national level government. The government reform has led to a more democratic society, facilitating vaccine rejection and hesitancy. The multi-sector partnership played a significant role in maintaining polio immunization coverage. Strong and continuous advocacy and campaign were essential to raising awareness of the community and policymakers to keep polio in the agenda and to maintain the high polio immunization coverage. Conclusion Competing priority was the major factor affecting high polio immunization coverage during the decentralization transition. Strong advocacy is needed at every level, from district to national level, to keep polio immunization prioritized.

AWARENESS OF GENERAL PUBLIC TOWARDS POLIO IMMUNIZATION IN RURAL PUNJAB PAKISTAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-51
Author(s):  
Zafeer Ulhassan Iqbal ◽  
Hira Ashraf ◽  
Bisma Farooq
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
National Emergency

Background: Poliomyelitis is the acute viral infections of children under the age of five years. Pakistan is among the three countries, along with Nigeria and Afghanistan that are endemic to polio. In 2012, government of Pakistan approved a National Emergency Action Plan (NEAP) for polio eradication. Parents are reluctant towards immunization due to some religious beliefs. In current study we are accessing the attitude and behavior of general population towards polio vaccination. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted during 2017 in 4 district of Punjab (Faisalabad, Sheikhpura, Kasur and Lahore) Pakistan. The pretested, piloted and validated instrument with a 20 items structured questionnaire was used for this research. The response rate was 84% during the course of Study. Results: In study population 79% of the respondents were well aware of the term Polio. The positive response towards polio immunization was analyzed for only 62% of the parents. 70.46% of the parents strongly agreed with the medical therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of the disease whereas 29.54% of the respondents were found to believe that polio might be caused due to the evil effects Conclusion: Study concluded that the general public is well informed about polio vaccination and giving vaccine to their children on regular basis.

scholarly journals Changes in Population Dynamics during Long-Term Evolution of Sabin Type 1 Poliovirus in an Immunodeficient Patient

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (18) ◽  
pp. 9179-9190 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Odoom ◽  
Zaira Yunus ◽  
Glynis Dunn ◽  
Philip D. Minor ◽  
Javier Martín
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Stool Samples

ABSTRACT The evolution of the Sabin strain of type 1 poliovirus in a hypogammaglobulinemia patient for a period of 649 days is described. Twelve poliovirus isolates from sequential stool samples encompassing days 21 to 649 after vaccination with Sabin 1 were characterized in terms of their antigenic properties, virulence in transgenic mice, sensitivity for growth at high temperatures, and differences in nucleotide sequence from the Sabin 1 strain. Poliovirus isolates from the immunodeficient patient evolved gradually toward non-temperature-sensitive and neurovirulent phenotypes, accumulating mutations at key nucleotide positions that correlated with the observed reversion to biological properties typical of wild polioviruses. Analysis of plaque-purified viruses from stool samples revealed complex genetic and evolutionary relationships between the poliovirus strains. The generation of various coevolving genetic lineages incorporating different mutations was observed at early stages of virus excretion. The main driving force for genetic diversity appeared to be the selection of mutations at attenuation sites, particularly in the 5′ noncoding region and the VP1 BC loop. Recombination between virus strains from the two main lineages was observed between days 63 and 88. Genetic heterogeneity among plaque-purified viruses at each time point seemed to decrease with time, and only viruses belonging to a unique genotypic lineage were seen from day 105 after vaccination. The relevance of vaccine-derived poliovirus strains for disease surveillance and future polio immunization policies is discussed in the context of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative.

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness of Three Poliovirus Immunization Schedules in Shanghai, China

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1062
Author(s):  
Jia Ren ◽  
Hairenguli Maimaiti ◽  
Xiaodong Sun ◽  
Zhuoying Huang ◽  
Jiechen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Monetary Benefit ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
The Cost

In Shanghai, China, a polio immunization schedule of four inactivated polio vaccines (IPV) has been implemented since 2020, replacing the schedules of a combination of two IPVs and two bivalent live attenuated oral polio vaccines (bOPV), and four trivalent live attenuated oral polio vaccines (tOPV). This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of these three schedules in infants born in 2016, in preventing vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). We performed a decision tree model and estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Compared to the four-tOPV schedule, the two-IPV-two-bOPV schedule averted 1.2 VAPP cases and 16.83 disability-adjusted life years (DALY) annually; while the four-IPV schedule averted 1.35 VAPP cases and 18.96 DALY annually. Consequently, ICERVAPP and ICERDALY were substantially high for two-IPV-two-bOPV (CNY 12.96 million and 0.93 million), and four-IPV (CNY 21.24 million and 1.52 million). Moreover, net monetary benefit of the two-IPV-two-bOPV and four-IPV schedules was highest when the cost of IPV was hypothesized to be less than CNY 23.75 or CNY 9.11, respectively, and willingness-to-pay was hypothesized as CNY 0.6 million in averting one VAPP-induced DALY. IPV-containing schedules are currently cost-ineffective in Shanghai. They may be cost-effective by reducing the prices of IPV, which may accelerate polio eradication in Chinese settings.

PARALLEL DILEMMAS: POLIO TRANSMISSION AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

Africa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisha P. Renne
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
Eradication Campaign ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Parental Opposition

ABSTRACTNigeria is one of three countries where polio continues to be endemic. In northern Nigeria, areas with low levels of polio immunization due to persistent parental opposition as well as implementation and infrastructural problems have contributed to wild poliovirus transmission. Furthermore, political violence associated with Islamic groups opposed to the federal government has also hampered the conclusion of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) efforts. This violence, which began in Borno State and has spread to other parts of northern Nigeria, occurs precisely where poliovirus transmission continues. These two related aspects – parallel dilemmas of low immunization and political violence – confound the conclusion of GPEI efforts in Nigeria. This situation also raises ethical questions both about the final stages of eradication efforts and about military actions to contain ongoing violence. The Nigerian government's attempts to suppress opposition to the polio eradication campaign by threatening non-compliant parents with arrest and by closing down media outlets may frighten some parents into compliance but can also breed resentment and resistance, just as military and police activities, such as house-to-house sweeps and widespread arrests, may encourage sympathy for Islamic insurgents. This situation suggests that the possible solution of one problem – the ending of wild poliovirus transmission – depends upon a solution of the other, i.e. the cessation of violent anti-government activities.

scholarly journals Ensuring Sustainability of Polio Immunization in Health System Transition: Lessons from the Polio Eradication Initiative in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luthfi Azizatunnisa’ ◽  
Utsamani Cintyamena ◽  
Yodi Mahendradhata ◽  
Riris Andono Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
National Level ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Frontline Workers ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
The Government

Abstract Background: Sustaining an effective evidence-based health intervention will maximize its impact in public health. Political and governmental reforms impact immunization program sustainability both positively and negatively. This study aims to explore sustainability of polio immunization in a decentralized health system taking lessons learned from a polio eradication initiative in Indonesia.Methods: We collected qualitative data through in-depth interviews with 27 key informants in from various backgrounds at district, provincial, and national levels, consisting of frontline workers, managers and NGOs at national and sub-national level. We conducted thematic analysis and triangulated using document reviews. We also conducted member checking and peer debriefing to ensure trustworthiness. Results: Competing priority was identified as the major challenge to sustain government commitment for polio immunization and AFP surveillance during the transition toward a decentralized health system. Variation of local government capacities has also affected immunization delivery and commitment at sub-national level government. The government reform has led to a more democratic society, which is also conducive for rejection and vaccine hesitancy. Multi sector partnership has been identified to play a big role in maintaining polio immunization coverage. Strong and continuous advocacy and campaign are essential to raise awareness for the community and policy makers to maintain the high polio immunization coverage. Conclusion: Competing priority was the major factor that affected high coverage of polio immunization during the decentralization transition. Strong advocacy is needed at every level, from district to national level, to keep polio immunization prioritized.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitude, and barriers toward polio immunization among pre-clinical students in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Theingi Maung Maung ◽  
Shivenanthini Kulandaivalu ◽  
Chee Mei Xian ◽  
Kughan Ramachandra ◽  
Sankari Jai Devaraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Private University ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
Unfavorable Attitude ◽  
Ethical Clearance

Background: Polio is reported as reemerging disease in Malaysia after 27 years of being free from it. It is important to identify the awareness towards polio vaccine among the medical students who are the future and the pillars of the nation, to develop a country. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and barriers toward polio immunization among pre-clinical medical students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 190 pre-clinical students from a private university after obtaining informed consent and institutional ethical clearance. Data collected from Google Forms questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Insufficient knowledge, especially on disease nature, transmission, and correct dosage of vaccine, was noticed. Findings revealed that 79.5% of the students showed unfavorable attitude toward polio immunization. Year 2 students are more positive toward the vaccination compared to year 1. Main barriers toward polio immunization selected by the respondents are disagreement from the spouse, insecure about vaccine safety, and distance of the health center. Conclusion: Pre-clinical students should enhance their knowledge to be able to recognize the various barriers of polio immunization in our country and be part of the effort in solving these barriers as polio eradication is critical to ensuring a healthier future for children.

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