scholarly journals Polio Today: State of the Global Eradication Program and Modern Strategy of WHO on Immunization

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. E. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Plan ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Immunization Strategy ◽  
Eradication Program ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Global Eradication

The review presents data on the current stature of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative of the WHO. The success of its implementation mainly depends on the solutions of the problems associated with continuing use of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV): vaccine- associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV). The information about the polio immunization strategy proposed by WHO in «Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013 - 2018» is presented.

scholarly journals Eradikasi Polio

Sari Pediatri ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Hindra Irawan Satari ◽  
Laila Fitri Ibbibah ◽  
Sidik Utoro
Keyword(s):  
American Academy ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Strategic Plan ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Poliomielitis atau yang lebih dikenal dengan polio merupakan penyakit menular yang dapat menyebabkan kelumpuhan dan atrofi otot yang ireversibel, bahkan kematian pada anak. Sejak dilaporkan kejadian luar biasa (KLB) terjadi di Eropa pada abad ke-19, angka kejadian polio terus meningkat hingga menjadi andemi pada awal abad ke-20. Saat ini, gerakan inisiatif global yang dibentuk oleh WHO telah berhasil menurunkan angka insidensi polio sampai 80%, berkat pemberian vaksin yang didukung oleh program pemerintah dan sistem pengawasan yang baik. Namun, muncul masalah terkait pemberian vaksin, oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), yaitu circulating vaccine derived polio viruses (cVDPVs) dan vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Untuk itu, American Academy of Pediatrics merekomendasikan pemberian inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) sebagai pengganti OPV. Rekomendasi tersebut tidak efektif apabila diterapkan di negara berkembang yang masih banyak terdapat infeksi polio liar, seperti Indonesia, karena perlindungan IPV tidak cukup kuat, tidak dapat menimbulkan herd immunity, dan harganya jauh lebih mahal. Pemberian OPV masih menjadi pilihan, dengan rekomendasi terbaru dari WHO yang mempertimbangkan pemberian bivalent (bOPV) karena trivalent (tOPV) dapat meningkatkan angka kejadian cVDPV akibat virus polio tipe-2 (VP2). Upaya eradikasi polio ditunjang Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI)melalui Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan dengan target bebas polio pada tahun 2018.

scholarly journals The final stages of the global eradication of poliomyelitis

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1623) ◽  
pp. 20120140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Grassly
Keyword(s):  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Global Eradication ◽  
Lower Income Countries

The global incidence of poliomyelitis has dropped by more than 99 per cent since the governments of the world committed to eradication in 1988. One of the three serotypes of wild poliovirus has been eradicated and the remaining two serotypes are limited to just a small number of endemic regions. However, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has faced a number of challenges in eradicating the last 1 per cent of wild-virus transmission. The polio endgame has also been complicated by the recognition that vaccination with the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) must eventually cease because of the risk of outbreaks of vaccine-derived polioviruses. I describe the major challenges to wild poliovirus eradication, focusing on the poor immunogenicity of OPV in lower-income countries, the inherent limitations to the sensitivity and specificity of surveillance, the international spread of poliovirus and resulting outbreaks, and the potential significance of waning intestinal immunity induced by OPV. I then focus on the challenges to eradicating all polioviruses, the problem of vaccine-derived polioviruses and the risk of wild-type or vaccine-derived poliovirus re-emergence after the cessation of oral vaccination. I document the role of research in the GPEI's response to these challenges and ultimately the feasibility of achieving a world without poliomyelitis.

Polio Eradication Initiative in India: Deconstructing the GPEI

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Sathyamala ◽  
Onkar Mittal ◽  
Rajib Dasgupta ◽  
Ritu Priya
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Global Eradication ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
The U.S

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) promised eradication of polio by the year 2000 and certification of eradication by 2005. The first deadline is already a matter of history. With the reporting of polio cases in 2004, the new deadline for polio eradication by 2004 is postponed further. This article seeks to argue that the scientific and technical bodies spearheading the GPEI, including the WHO, UNICEF, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, have formulated a conceptually flawed strategy and that it is not weak political will that is the central obstacle in this final push for global eradication. The validity of the claims of “near success” by the proponents of the GPEI is also examined in detail. By taking India as a case study, the authors examine the achievements of the GPEI in nine years of intense effort since 1995. They conclude that the GPEI is yet another exercise in mismanaging the health priorities and programs in developing countries in the era of globalization.

scholarly journals Changes in Population Dynamics during Long-Term Evolution of Sabin Type 1 Poliovirus in an Immunodeficient Patient

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (18) ◽  
pp. 9179-9190 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Odoom ◽  
Zaira Yunus ◽  
Glynis Dunn ◽  
Philip D. Minor ◽  
Javier Martín
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Stool Samples

ABSTRACT The evolution of the Sabin strain of type 1 poliovirus in a hypogammaglobulinemia patient for a period of 649 days is described. Twelve poliovirus isolates from sequential stool samples encompassing days 21 to 649 after vaccination with Sabin 1 were characterized in terms of their antigenic properties, virulence in transgenic mice, sensitivity for growth at high temperatures, and differences in nucleotide sequence from the Sabin 1 strain. Poliovirus isolates from the immunodeficient patient evolved gradually toward non-temperature-sensitive and neurovirulent phenotypes, accumulating mutations at key nucleotide positions that correlated with the observed reversion to biological properties typical of wild polioviruses. Analysis of plaque-purified viruses from stool samples revealed complex genetic and evolutionary relationships between the poliovirus strains. The generation of various coevolving genetic lineages incorporating different mutations was observed at early stages of virus excretion. The main driving force for genetic diversity appeared to be the selection of mutations at attenuation sites, particularly in the 5′ noncoding region and the VP1 BC loop. Recombination between virus strains from the two main lineages was observed between days 63 and 88. Genetic heterogeneity among plaque-purified viruses at each time point seemed to decrease with time, and only viruses belonging to a unique genotypic lineage were seen from day 105 after vaccination. The relevance of vaccine-derived poliovirus strains for disease surveillance and future polio immunization policies is discussed in the context of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative.

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness of Three Poliovirus Immunization Schedules in Shanghai, China

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1062
Author(s):  
Jia Ren ◽  
Hairenguli Maimaiti ◽  
Xiaodong Sun ◽  
Zhuoying Huang ◽  
Jiechen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Monetary Benefit ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
The Cost

In Shanghai, China, a polio immunization schedule of four inactivated polio vaccines (IPV) has been implemented since 2020, replacing the schedules of a combination of two IPVs and two bivalent live attenuated oral polio vaccines (bOPV), and four trivalent live attenuated oral polio vaccines (tOPV). This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of these three schedules in infants born in 2016, in preventing vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). We performed a decision tree model and estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Compared to the four-tOPV schedule, the two-IPV-two-bOPV schedule averted 1.2 VAPP cases and 16.83 disability-adjusted life years (DALY) annually; while the four-IPV schedule averted 1.35 VAPP cases and 18.96 DALY annually. Consequently, ICERVAPP and ICERDALY were substantially high for two-IPV-two-bOPV (CNY 12.96 million and 0.93 million), and four-IPV (CNY 21.24 million and 1.52 million). Moreover, net monetary benefit of the two-IPV-two-bOPV and four-IPV schedules was highest when the cost of IPV was hypothesized to be less than CNY 23.75 or CNY 9.11, respectively, and willingness-to-pay was hypothesized as CNY 0.6 million in averting one VAPP-induced DALY. IPV-containing schedules are currently cost-ineffective in Shanghai. They may be cost-effective by reducing the prices of IPV, which may accelerate polio eradication in Chinese settings.

Moving from oral poliovirus vaccine to inactivated poliovirus vaccine: The rationale and challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazi Zulfiquer Mamun ◽  
Nabeela Mahboob ◽  
Kazi Taib Mamun ◽  
Hasina Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Routine Immunization ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) has served as the cornerstone of polio eradication efforts over the past 30 years, trivalent inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has re-ascended to prominence in the past year, now acting as the sole source of protective immunity against type 2 poliovirus in routine immunization programmes. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic plan 2013–2018, developed by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) outlines the phased removal of OPVs, starting with type 2 poliovirus–containing vaccines and introduction of inactivated polio vaccine in routine immunization to mitigate against risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 22-28

scholarly journals Development of Thermostable Lyophilized Sabin Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Woo-Jin Shin ◽  
Daiki Hara ◽  
Francisca Gbormittah ◽  
Hana Chang ◽  
Byeong S. Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Vaccine Potency ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

ABSTRACTAs oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) causes vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis, the polio endgame strategy introduced by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative calls for a phased withdrawal of OPV and an introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). The introduction of IPV creates challenges in maintaining the cold chain for vaccine storage and distribution. Recent advances in lyophilization have helped in finding a temperature-stable formulation for multiple vaccines; however, poliovirus vaccines have yet to capture a stable, safe formula for lyophilization. In addition, efficientin vitromethods for antigen measurement are needed for screening stable vaccine formulations. Here, we report size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) as a reliable means to identify the leading lyophilized formulation to generate thermostable Sabin inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV). High-throughput screening and SE-HPLC determined the leading formulation, resulting in 95% D-antigen recovery and low residual moisture content of sIPV following lyophilization. Furthermore, the lyophilized sIPV remained stable after 4 weeks of incubation at ambient temperature and induced strong neutralizing antibodies and full protection of poliovirus receptor transgenic mice against thein vivochallenge of wild-type poliovirus. Overall, this report describes a novel means for the high-throughput evaluation of sIPV antigenicity and a thermostable lyophilized sIPV within vivovaccine potency.IMPORTANCEPoliomyelitis is a highly contagious disease caused by the poliovirus. While the live attenuated OPV has been the vaccine of choice, a major concern is its ability to revert to a form that can cause paralysis, so-called vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Therefore, the new endgame strategy of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative includes the introduction of an IPV. However, the feasibility of the use of current IPV formulations in developing countries is limited, because IPV is insufficiently stable to be purified, transported, and stored under unrefrigerated conditions. We successfully designed the sIPV for use in the dry state that maintains the full vaccine potency in animal models after incubation at ambient temperature. This report provides, for the first time, candidate formulations of sIPV that are stable at elevated temperatures.

PARALLEL DILEMMAS: POLIO TRANSMISSION AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

Africa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisha P. Renne
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Immunization ◽  
Eradication Campaign ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Parental Opposition

ABSTRACTNigeria is one of three countries where polio continues to be endemic. In northern Nigeria, areas with low levels of polio immunization due to persistent parental opposition as well as implementation and infrastructural problems have contributed to wild poliovirus transmission. Furthermore, political violence associated with Islamic groups opposed to the federal government has also hampered the conclusion of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) efforts. This violence, which began in Borno State and has spread to other parts of northern Nigeria, occurs precisely where poliovirus transmission continues. These two related aspects – parallel dilemmas of low immunization and political violence – confound the conclusion of GPEI efforts in Nigeria. This situation also raises ethical questions both about the final stages of eradication efforts and about military actions to contain ongoing violence. The Nigerian government's attempts to suppress opposition to the polio eradication campaign by threatening non-compliant parents with arrest and by closing down media outlets may frighten some parents into compliance but can also breed resentment and resistance, just as military and police activities, such as house-to-house sweeps and widespread arrests, may encourage sympathy for Islamic insurgents. This situation suggests that the possible solution of one problem – the ending of wild poliovirus transmission – depends upon a solution of the other, i.e. the cessation of violent anti-government activities.

scholarly journals Poliopolis: pushing boundaries of scientific innovations for disease eradication

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 1321-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Van Damme ◽  
Ilse De Coster ◽  
Ananda S Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Leen Suykens ◽  
Patrick Rudelsheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Routine Immunisation ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Adult Volunteers

Although global polio eradication is within reach, sustained eradication of all polioviruses requires cessation of oral poliovirus vaccine use to mitigate against vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation and vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. The first step in this direction was the WHO-recommended global withdrawal of live attenuated type 2 Sabin poliovirus from routine immunisation in May 2016, with future use restricted to outbreak response, and handling controlled by strict containment provisions (GAPIII). This creates unique challenges for development and testing of novel type 2 poliovirus vaccines. We describe the creation of a novel purpose-built containment facility, Poliopolis, to study new monovalent OPV2 vaccine candidates in healthy adult volunteers, which may be a model for future endeavors in vaccine development for emergency use.

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