scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE UPON THE BASE-EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF CLAYS

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
Angel Alberto Colón
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Ionic Radii ◽  
Base Exchange ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Loam Soil

The purpose of this work was to obtain data that would throw light upon the nature of the changes brought about by heat on the base exchange capacity of soils. The clay fraction of a Crowley silt loam soil was obtained, divided into five equal portions, and each of these portions was saturated with the chlorides of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and hydrogen (HCl), respectively. Each of the so saturated portions was subdivided into smaller fractions which were heated at 25°, 50°, 75°, and 100° C. for 0, 5, 12, and 46 days respectively. The amount of the particular replaceable base with which the clay had been saturated and the total exchangeable bases were determined after each thermal treatment. It was found that the amounts of replaceable potassium, calcium, and acid hydrogen decreased with prolonged treatment, whereas that of sodium and magnesium increased. The amount of total exchangeable bases showed an increase in the potassium and acid hydrogen clays, and a decrease in the sodium, calcium, and magnesium clays upon prolonged thermal treatment. The reasons for these markedly different behaviours of clays saturated with different cations are not well understood at present. An interpretation based on ionic radii is proposed.

scholarly journals The elemental composition of soils of saline agrolandscapes of the Prichanovskaya depression and their sanitary and hygienic assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
N. I. Dobrotvorskaya ◽  
N. V. Semendyaeva ◽  
A. A. Morozova
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Loamy Soil ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Lake Chany ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Cadmium Lead

The elemental composition of the soil was studied in the mesorelief of the former water area of the Yudinsky stretch of Lake Chany. The study was carried out in two soil sections that are in geochemical conjugation: meadow-chernozem weakly-solodic loamy sand soil in the eluvial landscape position and meadow-marsh saline heavy-loamy soil in the accumulative landscape. Soils differ significantly in both redox and acid-base conditions: the distribution of humus in the soil profile, pH values, the content of physical clay, cation exchange capacity. Distribution of the predominant number of macroand microelements (with the exception of silicon) in the saline agrolandscape of the Prichanovskaya depression is characterized by their accumulation in the meadowmarsh saline heavy loam soil as a result of water migration and subsequent fixation in the form of slow-moving compounds. The content of elements in the accumulative position is on average 2-3 times higher than in the eluvial one. Macroelements iron and aluminum migrate down the relief in the form of sesquioxides in the composition of the clay fraction. The accumulation of calcium and magnesium is associated with the carbonatization of the soil profile. Trace elements zinc, copper, cadmium, lead are deposited on the alkaline barrier in the profile of meadow chernozem soil at a depth of 95 cm and below, in a meadow-marsh saline soil from the surface, molybdenum is concentrated in the upper horizons of the soil profile on the evaporation barrier, manganese on humus and gley meadow-bog soil, nickel and cobalt on humus and clay, chrome in salt accumulations. An imbalance of copper and molybdenum, iron and manganese, calcium and strontium is observed in the soils of both the eluvial and accumulative positions, which indicates a deficiency of molybdenum and manganese and an excess of strontium in the landscape soils in general. There is an excess of permissible sanitary and hygienic standards for the content of strontium and barium in the accumulative positions in the entire thickness of the soil profile of meadow-marsh saline heavy-loamy soil. The content of arsenic and, especially, boron exceeds the MPC values in the landscape as a whole.

MINERALOGY OF THE QUEENS LOAM AND QUEENS CLAY LOAM SOILS OF EASTERN NEW BRUNSWICK

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-159
Author(s):  
S. W. Reeder ◽  
H. G. Dion ◽  
A. L. McAllister
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sand Fraction ◽  
Thermal Electron ◽  
Base Exchange ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Petrographic Examination ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Geological Formations

On the basis of petrographic examination of the sand fraction and the X-ray diffraction, differential thermal, electron microscope, ethylene glycol retention, base exchange capacity and fusion analyses of the clay fraction it was concluded that these soils were developed on similar parent materials, were derived from common geological formations, and have been subjected to similar weathering and development processes since time of deposition.

scholarly journals Pertumbuhan Material Interlayer di Mineral Lempung Smekit di Tanah Leptic Hapludert yang Berkembang di atas Ca-Bentonit di Nanggulan Kulon Progo

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nurcholis ◽  
Aris Buntoro
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Mineralogical Characteristics ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Oriented Samples ◽  
Successive Heating ◽  
Clay Materials

The objective of this study was to understand the mineralogical characteristics of the bentonite and its upper developed soil, at Nanggulan Kulonprogo. Separation and collection of clay fraction were done by fractionation on suspension at pH 10 after organic matter was oxidized using H2O2. Characteristics of clay mineral was analyzed using X-ray diffraction on parallel oriented samples after Mg saturation, glycerol solvation, or K saturation, and its following successive heating at 100°C, 300°C and 550°C. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the exchangeable bases were analyzed using saturation of NH4OAc 1N pH 7. Results showed that clay materials of both samples were Ca-bentonite. Comparing with clay from soil, bentonite had peak intensity of the semctite minerals and low value of CEC and exchangeable Ca. Potassium saturation caused incompletely shrinkage of the studied smectite minerals, and it was reflected by a broader peaks at 13,11 Å. The presence of these broader peaks was interpreted as a growth of interlayer materials that it may alter to smectite-chlorite intergrade minerals.

The Contribution of Clay and Organic Matter to the Base Exchange Capacity of Soils

1932 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rice Williams
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Base Exchange ◽  
Base Content ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Silica Alumina

1. The total exchangeable bases, clay, total carbon and carbon oxidisable by 4 per cent, hydrogen peroxide, have been determined for a number of carbonate soils.2. Assuming soils containing excess of carbonate under natural conditions to be base saturated, equations have been derived connecting exchange capacity with clay and (a) total or (b) “oxidisable” carbon content.3. When the organic matter of these soils was assumed to have a constant base exchange capacity, no correlation was found between the exchange capacity of their clay fractions and either their silica-alumina or their silica-sesquioxide ratios.4. Carbonate soils whose exchangeable base content was appreciably less than the calculated values were found to contain either small amounts of calcium carbonate (< 1 percent.), or the bulk of it was present in coarse form.

scholarly journals Mineralogical characterization of natural clays from Brazilian Southeast region for industrial applications

Cerâmica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (366) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. I. Alvarez Acevedo ◽  
M. C. G. Rocha ◽  
L. C. Bertolino
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Southeast Region ◽  
Pore Size Analysis ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Natural Clays ◽  
Cationic Exchange

Abstract Characterization studies of clays are often performed to identify possible markets for these materials. Bearing this in mind, two samples of natural clays from the Southeast region of Brazil were studied. Conventional techniques of characterization were used. Granulometric analysis and determination of cationic exchange capacity of these clays were also performed. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements were used to determine the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area, and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda and t-plot pore size analysis were carried out. The results obtained were similar for the two clays. Both present high clay fraction (above 80 wt%) composed of illite, kaolinite and quartz minerals. Stratified illite-smectite structures were also observed. Traces of calcite were detected in one of the clay samples, while traces of montmorillonite were observed in the other sample. These results were corroborated by the low cationic exchange capacity values obtained for both clays. These clays showed good adsorptive properties, evidenced by their specific surface areas, with predominantly mesoporous structures and slit-like pores. According to their features, these clays have potential use as adsorbents to replace more expensive materials due to their easy availability and low cost.

scholarly journals THE STRUCTURE OF THE COLLODION MEMBRANE AND ITS ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR

1944 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Sollner ◽  
Joan Anderman
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Mixture ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Electrochemical Activity ◽  
Time Base ◽  
Equivalent Weight ◽  
Base Exchange ◽  
Electrochemically Active ◽  
Organic Solvent Mixture ◽  
High Base

1. The electrochemical behavior ("activity") of collodion membranes depends upon acidic, dissociable groups located in the interstices of the membranes. The active groups can be determined by base exchange measurements. High base exchange capacity is always found with preparations of great "electrochemical activity;" medium and low base exchange capacities occur with electrochemically active as well as with inactive preparations. The observed base exchange capacity is determined by two factors: the inherent acidity of the collodion (its mean equivalent weight) and the submicroscopic micellar structure of the collodion. A comparison of the base exchange capacity of various collodion preparations and their inherent acidities therefore allows certain conclusions to be drawn concerning the relative availability of the micellar surfaces in the different preparations. 2. The inherent acidity of various collodion preparations, their "acid number," was determined by electrometric titration. Collodion in the acidic state, i.e. after exchange of all other cations for H+ ions, was titrated in an organic solvent mixture with alcoholic KOH using a quinhydrone electrode. Details of the experimental procedure are given in the paper. The acid numbers, expressed in milliliters of 0.01 N KOH per gram dry collodion, vary from 1.0 for a highly purified collodion preparation of very low electrochemical activity to 3.3 for a highly oxidized sample of very high activity. Acid numbers of about 1.5 (corresponding to an equivalent weight of about 67,000) are found both with inactive commercial and with fairly active oxidized preparations. The base exchange capacity of the same preparations in the fibrous state as measured after 48 hours of exchange time varies from 0.0013 ml. 0.01 N NaOH per gm. dry collodion for the most inactive preparation up to 0.26 ml. 0.01 N NaOH per gm. for the most active preparation. Thus the acid numbers over the whole range investigated differ only in the ratio of 1:3.3, whereas the base exchange values differ in the range of 1:200. 3. In the inactive preparation only one in 770 acid groups is available for base exchange, in the most active collodion one group in 13; values between these extremes are found with commercial and alcohol purified oxidized preparations. 4. The high base exchange capacity of the electrochemically active preparations is not so much due to their higher acid number as to their more open structure. This difference in structure is ascribed to the presence of a small fraction of low molecular weight material which inhibits normal formation and arrangement of the micelles. 5. Short time base exchange experiments with fibrous collodion indicate that the number of acid groups available for the typical electrochemical membrane functions may be estimated to be about 50 to 1000 times less numerous than those found in the 48 hour base exchange experiments. It is estimated that in membranes prepared even from the most active collodion not more than one in 500 acid groups may be available for the typical membrane functions; with the less active preparations this ratio is estimated to be as high as one in 1,000,000 or more.

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