scholarly journals Pertumbuhan Material Interlayer di Mineral Lempung Smekit di Tanah Leptic Hapludert yang Berkembang di atas Ca-Bentonit di Nanggulan Kulon Progo

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nurcholis ◽  
Aris Buntoro
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Mineralogical Characteristics ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Oriented Samples ◽  
Successive Heating ◽  
Clay Materials

The objective of this study was to understand the mineralogical characteristics of the bentonite and its upper developed soil, at Nanggulan Kulonprogo. Separation and collection of clay fraction were done by fractionation on suspension at pH 10 after organic matter was oxidized using H2O2. Characteristics of clay mineral was analyzed using X-ray diffraction on parallel oriented samples after Mg saturation, glycerol solvation, or K saturation, and its following successive heating at 100°C, 300°C and 550°C. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the exchangeable bases were analyzed using saturation of NH4OAc 1N pH 7. Results showed that clay materials of both samples were Ca-bentonite. Comparing with clay from soil, bentonite had peak intensity of the semctite minerals and low value of CEC and exchangeable Ca. Potassium saturation caused incompletely shrinkage of the studied smectite minerals, and it was reflected by a broader peaks at 13,11 Å. The presence of these broader peaks was interpreted as a growth of interlayer materials that it may alter to smectite-chlorite intergrade minerals.

scholarly journals Mineralogical Composition Of Soils From Urir Char ? A Tiny Offshore Island Of Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
MS Hussain ◽  
ZH Khan ◽  
M Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Offshore Island ◽  
Pedogenic Process ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Silty Loam

Mineralogical composition of three surface soils from Urir Char ? an environmentally vulnerable small offshore island of Bangladesh ? was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. In the bulk soils layer silicates and quartz were the dominant minerals while the quantity of feldspars was around ten percent. Quantity of weatherable minerals was very high in the soils. Illite was the dominant mineral in the clay fraction of the soils. The second dominant clay mineral was smectite which comprised around one-fourth of the clay fraction closely followed by chlorite with a small quantity of kaolinite mineral. Soil vermiculite and mixed layer minerals were absent in these soils. These soils had a mixed mineralogical composition with a high cation exchange capacity and percent base saturation. Texturally the soils were silty loam. Exchangeable Ca++/ Mg++ ratio was less than unity. Magnesium solonization was considered as the dominant pedogenic process along with gleization. There was problem of salinity as the elevation of land was around one meter above the mean sea level. Natural calamities like tropical cyclones and tidal surges were highly devastating as the island was completely washed with sea water. J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 39(1): 95-104, June 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v39i1.16038

Properties of soil kaolins from Thailand

Clay Minerals ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Hart ◽  
W. Wiriyakitnateekul ◽  
R. J . Gilkes
Keyword(s):  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Australian Soil

AbstractPurified kaolins from Thai soil on diverse parent materials were characterized using analytical transmission electon microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and chemical analysis. The properties of Thai soil kaolins appear to be more diverse than Indonesian and Western Australian soil kaolins investigated using the same analytical procedures; this difference may reflect the greater range of parent materials for the Thai soils. The kaolins show a variety of crystal morphologies including euhedral hexagonal to subhedral platy crystals, tubes and laths and several morphologies were present in most samples. TEM-EDS enabled analysis of single crystals of each morphology present within a sample. Tubular or lath-shaped crystals usually have lower %Fe2O3 contents than hexagonal platy crystals in the same sample. The relationships between crystal size and Fe content within morphological populations were also examined by TEM-EDS. Generally, smaller kaolin crystals display a wider range of Fe concentration than the larger kaolin crystals in the same sample. Increasing Fe concentration in bulk samples is closely correlated to decreasing coherently scattering domain size (R2= 0.57), increasing cation exchange capacity (R2= 0.44) and increasing specific surface area (R2= 0.65). However the properties of the deferrated soil kaolins, including their Fe content, are not related to forms of Fe, (total Fe, amorphous or organic) in the untreated clay fraction of the soil.Inhibited vermiculite is a common minor constituent of these clay fractions and its average structural formula derived from EDS data indicates that it was formed by Al replacing K in muscovite. One Al3+ion occupies the interlayer space previously occupied by three K+ions. As the distances between these Al3+cations in the interlayer space is large it is proposed that isolated or loosely associated hydrated Al3+groups such as Al(OH2)63+exist that resist exchange by other cations due to hydrogen bonding with the adjacent tetrahedral oxygen surfaces

X-ray diffraction characteristics and related properties of Smectites in some Canadian soils

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Ross ◽  
H. Kodama
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Intensity ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Canadian Soils ◽  
Particle Thickness

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak intensities of smectites in Chernozemic and related soils of Western Canada are generally low, in contrast to the high peak intensities of smectites in Podzolic soils of Eastern Canada and those of standard smectite samples. Consequently, X-ray quantitative analysis based on standard smectite samples may underestimate the amount of smectite and overestimate the amount of noncrystalline material in western Canadian soils. This study was undertaken to find the reasons for the weak XRD peak intensities of western soil smectites in terms of their purity and crystallinity. The Tiron dissolution method extracted only small amounts of noncrystalline material from the western soil clays and had little effect on XRD characteristics. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) hysteresis (or pH dependent CEC) between pH 3.5 and 11.0 of the western soil clays was also relatively small which confirmed the absence of significant amounts of noncrystalline material in these soil clays. Observed deviations of XRD positions from true basal spacings indicated that the western soil smectite particles were consistently thinner than the eastern soil smectite and Wyoming montmorillonite particles. Electron microscope observations supported these results. Because the diffraction intensity is proportional to the square of the particle thickness, the thinness of the western soil smectite particles appears to be a major factor in reducing their peak intensities. Thus, to obtain comparable peak intensity data from different soil smectites, particle thickness should be taken into account. Since it is often not practical to measure particle thickness, a procedure for quantifying smectite in soils that avoids this measurement is proposed. Key words: Peak intensity, crystallinity, particle size, particle thickness, Chernozemic smectite, Podzolic smectite

Ratios of plant to soil concentrations of strontium-85 and their relation to exchangeable bases for soils and crops of Greece

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Papanicolaou ◽  
C. G. Apostolakis ◽  
V. Skarlou ◽  
C. Nobeli ◽  
P. Kritidis
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Relative Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Lower Variability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Of Greece

SummaryThe relationship between values of 85Sr concentration ratios (CRs) and exchangeable bases, expressed in absolute (mmol/kg) or relative (percentage of cation exchange capacity (CEC)) terms, was considered using the results of a glasshouse pot experiment conducted in 1989, for soils and crops of Greece. Exchangeable calcium, expressed in mmol/kg, presented, in most instances, a significant (P = 0·05–0·01) or highly significant (P < 0·01) negative correlation with the CRs of various crops or plant parts, while exchangeable calcium plus magnesium or total exchangeable bases (expressed also in mmol/kg) showed an even better correlation (higher values of r, lower variability). Expression of the amounts of exchangeable bases in relative terms further improved the correlation coefficient in each comparison. The correlations between the percentage of exchangeable (Ca + Mg) or exchangeable bases and CRs, which were always negative, were significant or highly significant for all tested crops or plant parts. The correlation between CRs and soil properties was greatest for exchangeable (Ca + Mg) expressed as a percentage of CEC (r = -0·92) and followed the order: Exchangeable (Ca + Mg) as % of CEC ≈ exchangeable bases as % of CEC ≈ exchangeable (Ca + Mg) in mmol/kg ≈ exchangeable bases in mmol/kg > exchangeable Ca as % of CEC > exchangeable Ca in mmol/kg.Quantitative relationships between CRs of the tested crops or plant parts and exchangeable calcium plus magnesium (% of CEC) of soils are also presented.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE UPON THE BASE-EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF CLAYS

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
Angel Alberto Colón
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Ionic Radii ◽  
Base Exchange ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Loam Soil

The purpose of this work was to obtain data that would throw light upon the nature of the changes brought about by heat on the base exchange capacity of soils. The clay fraction of a Crowley silt loam soil was obtained, divided into five equal portions, and each of these portions was saturated with the chlorides of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and hydrogen (HCl), respectively. Each of the so saturated portions was subdivided into smaller fractions which were heated at 25°, 50°, 75°, and 100° C. for 0, 5, 12, and 46 days respectively. The amount of the particular replaceable base with which the clay had been saturated and the total exchangeable bases were determined after each thermal treatment. It was found that the amounts of replaceable potassium, calcium, and acid hydrogen decreased with prolonged treatment, whereas that of sodium and magnesium increased. The amount of total exchangeable bases showed an increase in the potassium and acid hydrogen clays, and a decrease in the sodium, calcium, and magnesium clays upon prolonged thermal treatment. The reasons for these markedly different behaviours of clays saturated with different cations are not well understood at present. An interpretation based on ionic radii is proposed.

scholarly journals Pedogenesis in the Barreiras Formation Under Climates of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Lunara G. da S. Rêgo ◽  
Jéssia J. A. da Silva ◽  
Carolina M. M. Souza ◽  
Jeane C. Portela ◽  
Isadora N. B. M. de Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Diagnostic Horizons

In Brazil, the state of Rio Grande do Norte has an important coastal zone and coastal Tableland areas along the Barreiras Formation, but there are few studies to locate and characterize soils with cohesive character. Therefore, this work was carried out to characterize pedons in the western and eastern mesoregions of the state, located in the Barreiras Formation and with different climatic conditions. The profile description and sample collection were carried out in March and April 2016. The characteristics of the profile identified were the sequence of horizons and their depth, soil color, texture, structure, consistency, and transition between horizons. The physical analyzes were of soil density and texture. The chemical analyzes consisted of: pH in water and in KCl, contents of available P, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, potential acidity, and total organic carbon. Indices obtained were: base sum, effective cation exchange capacity, cation exchange capacity at pH 7.0, base saturation, exchangeable aluminum saturation, and exchangeable sodium percentage. The profiles were classified up to the fourth categorical level. The mineralogical assembly was identified in the clay fraction of the diagnostic horizons. The identification of the minerals was performed by X-ray diffraction. The pedons of the two regions presented distinct characteristics and pedogenesis, occurring laterization in the pedons of the western mesoregion and podzolization in the pedons of the eastern mesoregion, both without presence of cohesive character as a diagnostic attribute.

MINERALOGY OF THE QUEENS LOAM AND QUEENS CLAY LOAM SOILS OF EASTERN NEW BRUNSWICK

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-159
Author(s):  
S. W. Reeder ◽  
H. G. Dion ◽  
A. L. McAllister
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sand Fraction ◽  
Thermal Electron ◽  
Base Exchange ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Petrographic Examination ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Geological Formations

On the basis of petrographic examination of the sand fraction and the X-ray diffraction, differential thermal, electron microscope, ethylene glycol retention, base exchange capacity and fusion analyses of the clay fraction it was concluded that these soils were developed on similar parent materials, were derived from common geological formations, and have been subjected to similar weathering and development processes since time of deposition.

Pedogenic formation of smectites in a vertisol developed from granitic rock from Kaélé (Cameroon, Central Africa)

Clay Minerals ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Nguetnkam ◽  
R. Kamga ◽  
F. Villiéras ◽  
G. E. Ekodeck ◽  
J. Yvon
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Common Source ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Mixed Layers ◽  
Granite Mass

AbstractSmectite formation in a vertisol developed from a granitic parent rock in the Kaélé region of Cameroon in a tropical, dry climate was studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), chemical analyses, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and low temperature gas adsorption. The soil profile comprises three horizons (from base to top): (1) a saprolite, (2) an intermediate horizon, and (3) an upper dark grey horizon. In the saprolite, the progressive alteration of feldspars gave rise to the exclusive neoformation of beidellite exhibiting a typical honeycomb fabric. This process resulted in Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Ti and Mn enrichment, a depletion of Si and Na and a significant negative Eu anomaly. In the upper horizons, beidellite evolves and is transformed into montmorillonite and kaolinite, probably through a series of smectite-kaolinite mixed layers. This transformation, from the saprolite to the upper horizons, causes the observed decrease in the CEC and the increase in specific surface area and mesoporosity of the clay. The REE patterns of the bulk soil and clay fraction display similar behaviour, indicating that the three horizons, and hence the clay minerals, have a common source in the underlying granite. Mass-balance calculations show that the intense weathering of the granite leads to a mass reduction of ~80–90%.

scholarly journals Mineralogy of soils of major geomorphic units of north-eastern Haryana, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 924-934
Author(s):  
Dinesh Dinesh ◽  
Mohammad Amin Bhat ◽  
K. S. Grewal ◽  
Hardeep Singh Sheoran
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Diagnostic Horizons ◽  
Geomorphic Units ◽  
North Eastern Part

The study was carried to determine the mineralogy of soils of different geomorphic units for providing the more detailed information needed to improve agricultural production in north-eastern part of Haryana. The soils of the study area were slightly acidic to strongly alkaline in reaction (6-9.4). The cation exchange capacity and electrical conductivity varied from 3.10-26.80 cmol (+) kg-1 and 0.16-1.20 dSm-1, respectively. In general, the soils were siliceous in nature with SiO2 ranging from 68.60 to 87.90 percent. The soil samples from surface and subsurface diagnostic horizons were studied through X-ray diffraction. In fine sand, quartz was the dominant mineral followed by feldspars, muscovite, hornblende, tourmaline, zircon, biotite, iron ores and sphene. In silt fraction, quartz was the dominant mineral followed by mica, feldspars, chlorite, kaolinite, interstratified and traces of smectite and vermiculite. Semi-quantitative estimation of clay fraction indicated that illite was the single dominant mineral in the clay fraction of these pedons, however, its quantity was less in alluvial plains (28-30 %) compared to Shiwalik hills (36-49 %). Next to illite, a high amount of smectite (14-20 %) and vermiculite (11-17 %) were observed in clays of alluvial plains of Ghaggar (recent and old) whereas in Shiwalik hills (top and valley) these minerals were detected in small amount (6-11 %). Fairly good amount of kaolinite (10-17 %) and small amount of chlorite (4-11 %) were uniformly distributed in soil clays irrespective of geomorphic units showing their detrital origin. Medium intensity broad peaks in higher range diffractograms (14-24 A˚) indicated the presence of regular and irregular interstratified minerals in old alluvial plains of Ghaggar.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the characteristics of an AISI 1045 steel quenched in different concentration of polymer solutions of polyvinylpyrrolidone

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo da Rosa Vieira ◽  
Luciano Volcanoglo Biehl ◽  
Jorge Luis Braz Medeiros ◽  
Vagner Machado Costa ◽  
Rodrigo Jorge Macedo
Keyword(s):  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Thermal Exchange ◽  
The Core ◽  
Aisi 1045 Steel ◽  
Aisi 1045 ◽  
Quench Hardening ◽  
Polymeric Solutions ◽  
1045 Steel

AbstractQuench hardening aims at the microstructural transformation of steels in order to improve hardness and mechanical strength. The aim phase is, in most cases, the martensite. It is necessary to heat the material until it obtains its austenitization and quenching by immersion in a fluid. Currently, it is common to use watery polymeric solutions in this procedure. These fluids, which are the mixture of polymers in water, vary their thermal exchange capacity depending on the concentrations applied. The increase in concentration minimizes the removal of heat from the part, reducing the formation capacity of martensite, and developing a lower hardness and strong steel. In this work, microstructural characteristics and properties of AISI 1045 steel quenched in solutions based on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in 10, 15, 20, and 25% concentration were evaluated. The microstructural characterization quantified the percentage of the phases in each concentration, demonstrating a reduction of martensite as the concentrations were high. The investigation of the samples by x-ray diffraction confirmed the absence of austenite retained in the material. Furthermore, a microhardness scale between the core and the surface was constructed, in which a reduction gradient of the indices of this property towards the core of the sample was evidenced.

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