scholarly journals Enzyme-Sugar Relationships in Immature Sugarcane Treated With Ascorbic Acid, Cysteine, Hydroxylamine, Cyanide, Silicon, and Iron

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Alex G. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Silicon Iron ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Immature sugarcane was treated with chemical additives to determine whether significant and predictable changes could be induced in enzyme behavior. All plants were grown in sand culture with controlled nutrient supply. One group received foliar application of ascorbic acid, cysteine, hydroxylamine and cyanide; the other group received silicon, iron, and cyanide as nutrient-solution supplements. Enzymes assayed included acid phosphatases, invertase, amylase, peroxidase, and tyrosinase (polyphenoloxidase). Each of the chemicals tested was known to affect one or more enzymes in vitro. Plants receiving 1,000 p.p.m. of cyanide as a foliar spray increased sucrose in leaves and meristem within 3 days. All enzymes measured were suppressed by CN. Amylase was markedly stimulated by 50 and 1,000 p.p.m. of cysteine. All the enzymes assayed were moderately stimulated by 50 p.p.m. of cysteine, whereas 1,000 p.p.m. caused general suppression. Plants receiving 200 p.p.m. of cyanide as a nutrient-solution supplement were greatly stunted and revealed low sugar content of leaf and meristem tissues. Tyrosinase was about 3 times more active in high-cyanide plants than in controls. Silicon added to nutrient solutions at rates of 20 and 200 p.p.m. greatly retarded invertase and tyrosinase. This confirms similar observations recorded earlier, and it is suggested that enzyme inhibition is a physiological function of silicon in sugarcane. Iron added to nutrient solutions at the rate of 10 p.p.m. caused general enzyme suppression, particularly with regard to meristem peroxidase and invertase. Significance of enzyme regulation in living cane is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of Amylase and Invertase Regulators Upon Sugar Content, Protein Content, and Enzyme Activity of Immature Sugarcane

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-35
Author(s):  
Alex G. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
In Vivo Effects ◽  
Enzyme Activators

Immature sugarcane grown in sand culture was treated with manganese, an in vitro activator of amylase and invertase, and with mercury, an in vitro inhibitor of the same enzymes. Both elements were supplied as foliar sprays and as nutrient-solution supplements. The objective was to determine whether in vivo effects would be equivalent to those observed in the test tube, and to determine the effects of these elements on sugar content. Leaf and meristem tissues wore frozen and lyophilized for sugar and enzyme assay. Mercury solution of 1,000-p.p.m. concentration caused a marked suppression of leaf amylase activity and sucrose content, which persisted 27 days after treatment. The major mercury effect was confined to the leaves. In meristem tissues, sucrose changes as established by control plants were enhanced by mercury and alleviated by manganese. Mercury at 1,000 p.p.m. caused a moderate invertase suppression which disappeared by 27 days after treatment. Plants receiving mercury and manganese as nutrient-solution supplements- experienced major sugar changes in meristem rather than leaves. Low manganese, and both high and low mercury, greatly suppressed sucrose content. Arsenate, which was also being tested, likewise caused marked deterioration of meristem sucrose. Invertase was generally stimulated among plants receiving additives through their roots. Amylase was not affected. Mercury, an extremely efficient invertase inhibitor in the test tube, more than doubled invertase activity in plants receiving 0.05 p.p.m. of mercury in their nutrient solutions. In vivo effects of manganese and mercury did not agree well with expectations based on in vitro observations. Liven in those instances where (he anticipated results were gained, these required far greater concentrations of additive than should have been necessary. Nevertheless, definite influences were exerted upon both amylase and invertase. Discrepancies between in vivo and in vitro results are discussed. It is suggested that these differences are attributable to the positioning of in vivo catalysts in reaction sequences, to the stimulation of protein production by treatment additives, and to the increased production of nonprotein, endogenous enzyme activators and inhibitors.

scholarly journals Foliar and Root Applications of Vegetal-Derived Protein Hydrolysates Differentially Enhance the Yield and Qualitative Attributes of Two Lettuce Cultivars Grown in Floating System

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1194
Author(s):  
Francesco Cristofano ◽  
Christophe El-Nakhel ◽  
Antonio Pannico ◽  
Maria Giordano ◽  
Giuseppe Colla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Protein Hydrolysates ◽  
Phytochemical Content ◽  
Foliar Concentration

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a leafy vegetable cultivated widely for its fast and year-round production and its beneficial phytochemical content, which may be boosted further by plant biostimulants that are considered eco-sustainable means for enhancing horticultural crop production. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the yield and qualitative parameters of two differently pigmented lettuce cultivars grown in a floating raft system either untreated or treated (leaf, root or leaf/root application) with vegetal protein hydrolysates (PHs). For foliar application (F), lettuce plants were sprayed at a dose of 3 mL L−1, whereas for root application, 0.15 (T1) or 0.3 (T2) mL L−1 was applied to the nutrient solution alone or in combination with foliar spray (T1 + F and T2 + F) with the same foliar concentration. Bio-morphometric and production data were collected after harvest. Physiological and plant nutrition assays included leaf gas exchange, leaf fluorescence, SPAD index, mineral content, carotenoids, total phenols, total ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activities. Cultivar-specific reactions to biostimulant application were noted: whilst the green pigmented cultivar thrived under nutrient solution applications and recorded higher yield by 82.7% (T1) or (T1 + F) and 71.7% (T2), the red cultivar thrived under combined treatments, yielding 55.4% (T2 + F) higher than control and providing the most concentrated phytochemical content. These latter treatments also engendered the highest SPAD index, Fv/Fm ratio, CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and transpiration. In addition, the T2 + F treatment boosted ‘Canasta’ hydrophilic antioxidant activity (21.9%) and total ascorbic acid (5.6-fold). Nutrient solution treatments alone proved advantageous when compared to foliar treatments, while mixed treatments proved genotype-specific. New research on genotype specificity of biostimulant effects is warranted for future use, in order to rationalize biostimulant application modes and dosages.

scholarly journals Silicon attenuates calcium deficiency by increasing ascorbic acid content, growth and quality of cabbage leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalila Lopes da Silva ◽  
Renato de Mello Prado ◽  
Luis Felipe Lata Tenesaca ◽  
José Lucas Farias da Silva ◽  
Ben-Hur Mattiuz
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Ca Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Water Loss ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

AbstractCalcium (Ca) deficiency in cabbage plants induces oxidative damage, hampering growth and decreasing quality, however, it is hypothesized that silicon (Si) added to the nutrient solution may alleviate crop losses. Therefore, this study aims at evaluating whether silicon supplied in the nutrient solution reduces, in fact, the calcium deficiency effects on cabbage plants. In a greenhouse, cabbage plants were grown using nutrient solutions with Ca sufficiency and Ca deficiency (5 mM) without and with added silicon (2.5 mM), arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial in randomized blocks, with five replications. At 91 days after transplanting, the plants were harvested for biological evaluations. In the treatment without added Si, Ca deficiency promoted oxidative stress, low antioxidant content, decreased dry matter, and lower quality leaf. On the other hand, added Si attenuated Ca deficiency in cabbage by decreasing cell extravasation while increasing both ascorbic acid content and fresh and dry matter, providing firmer leaves due to diminished leaf water loss after harvesting. We highlighted the agronomic importance of Si added to the nutrient solution, especially in crops at risk of Ca deficiency.

NODULATION RESPONSES OF TWO NEAR ISOGENIC LINES OF THE SOYBEAN

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis E. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Response ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Soybean Line ◽  
Sand Cultures ◽  
Different Soils

Nodulation responses and certain other characteristics of a mutant soybean line highly recalcitrant to nodulation were compared with those of a nodulating sister line. Roots of the two lines were found to harbor equal numbers of rhizobia. Stem graftings to provide top growths of one line on roots of the other failed to alter the distinctive nodulation responses of rootstocks. Ascorbic acid contents in the two lines were identical, both in the tops and in the roots, although contents in tops greatly exceeded those found in roots. Chromatographic studies on the amino acids in seed hydrolyzates and in alcoholic extracts of seedlings showed no differences between the two lines either in kind or quantities of amino acids. In a survey of stock rhizobia for cultures effective on the nonnodulating line, bacteria were discovered which formed nodules on such soybeans growing in sand and nutrient solution. Isolates from these nodules again yielded effective nodulation on plants in sand culture, but gave no nodulation whatsoever on plants growing in soil. This negative response was confirmed in three different soils. Admixtures of soil and of miscellaneous materials with sand were employed to alter nodulation responses from those shown in sand cultures.

scholarly journals Sucrose-Enzyme Relationships in Immature Sugarcane Treated With Variable Molybdenum, Calcium, Iron, Boron, Lead, Trichloroacetic Acid, Beta-glycerophosphate, and Starch

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-461
Author(s):  
Alex G. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Acid Phosphatases ◽  
Starch Phosphorylase ◽  
High Iron ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Calcium Iron

Variable levels of the elements molybdenum, calcium, iron, lead, and boron, as well as trichloroacetic acid, ß-glycerophosphate, and starch, were supplied to immature sugarcane grown in the greenhouse. Molybdenum, calcium, and iron were provided in factorial combination to plants in sand culture. Molybdenum, lead, and starch were applied as foliar sprays to a second group of plants grown in soil, and boron, ß-glycerophosphate, plus trichloroacetic acid were likewise applied to the foliage of plants grown in soil. The objectives of these experiments were to determine whether any of the applied materials could alter the action of specific enzymes, and, if so, whether significantly greater sucrose content would result. Leaf and meristem tissues were assayed for sugars, and for the enzymes amylase, invertase, acid phosphatases, starch phosphorylase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase. Molybdenum significantly increased sucrose when applied as a foliar spray (80 p.p.m.), and as a nutrient in sand culture (1 p.p.m.). The molybdenum effect was retarded or reversed when either high calcium (9 p.p.m.) or high iron (6 p.p.m.) was supplied concurrently. Acid phosphatases and amylase were suppressed by high molybdenum, although these effects were greatly dependent upon calcium and iron supply. When applied as a foliar spray, molybdenum suppressed amylase and the phosphatase hydrolyzing glucose-1-phosphate, but not ATP-ase or ß-glycerophosphatase. Invertase was suppressed by high iron (6 p.p.m.) when molybdenum and calcium were low, but was stimulated when molybdenum was high. Lead, when applied to leaves at the rate of 50 p.p.m., caused moderate sucrose increases. Glucose-1-phosphate phosphatase was suppressed by lead in leaves and meristem, as was starch phosphorylase in the leaves. Foliar starch application failed to stimulate amylase, while ß-glycerophosphate failed to inhibit starch phosphorylase or to induce greater phosphatase activity. A number of enzyme responses were obtained which do not happen in vitro, and known in vitro effects did not always appear when specific materials were applied to living plants. Trichloroacetic acid, in particular, appeared to stimulate rather than inhibit enzyme action in vivo. This and other consequences of applying enzyme-regulating materials are discussed in detail.

Molybdenum deficiency in wheat results in lower dormancy levels via reduced ABA

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Modi ◽  
A. L. P. Cairns
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Enhanced Sensitivity ◽  
Aba Content ◽  
Endogenous Aba

AbstractWheat which was grown in acid-washed sand and irrigated with a molybdenum-free nutrient solution was treated with various concentrations of molybdenum (Mo) as a foliar spray at the flag leaf stage. At maturity, dormancy levels and abscisic acid (ABA) content of the seed were determined. Seed dormancy and ABA content increased with increasing rates of Mo application. In a field experiment, wheat (cv. SST 66) was treated with 100 ppm Mo by foliar application at the flag leaf stage. Embryos were tested for sensitivity to exogenously applied ABA. Embryos from Mo-treated plants showed enhanced sensitivity to ABA-induced inhibition of germination. The Mo application also resulted in significantly higher levels of endogenous ABA and Mo in the seeds. It is postulated that Mo deficiency leads to a lack of dormancy in wheat via reduced synthesis of ABA.

scholarly journals Use of Silicon to Preserve Sucrose in Sugarcane Desiccated with Paraquat and Diquat

1969 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 247-263
Author(s):  
Alex G. Alexander ◽  
Rafael Montalvo-Zapata
Keyword(s):  
Percent Level ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Living Tissues

Sugarcane studies have shown that the desiccants Paraquat and Diquat cause severe sucrose losses as a result of interrupted photosynthesis and abnormal behavior of sugar-metabolizing enzymes. It was theorized that an appropriate agent, selective for the sucrose-limiting enzymes, could modify the sugar-destroying features of otherwise useful chemicals. Experiments are reported herein in which silicon (Si), an in vitro inhibitor of cane enzymes, was applied to sugarcane foliage prior to treatment with Paraquat and Diquat. There were three objectives: 1, To incorporate sufficient Si into living tissues to control hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes; 2, to help retain photosynthetic activity; and 3, to maintain higher sucrose levels as a consequence of lessened sugar metabolism and continued photosynthesis. Plants of the variety P.R. 980 were grown in sand culture and treated with the following percent solutions of Paraquat and Diquat: 0, 0.0002, 0.0006, 0.0018, 0.0054, and 0.0162. For each experiment half of the plants were pretreated with 500 p.p.m. of Si (Na2SiO3-9H2O) as a foliar spray at 8, 4, and 1 day prior to desiccant application. The following results were obtained: 1. The 0.0018 to 0.0162 percent levels severely damaged cane foliage, desiccated leaves and sheaths, and caused major sucrose losses in plants not pretreated with Si. 2. Si-pretreated plants retained near-normal foliage and near-normal sucrose levels for approximately two Paraquat increments above those of non-pretreated plants. For example, damage typical of the 0.0018 percent level, without Si, did not appear until the 0.0162 percent level was reached when Si was present. 3. Paraquat desiccation, as reflected by sheath-moisture values, was ultimately constant regardless of Si treatment. 4. Paper chromatography revealed ribose in leaf extracts of Paraquat-and Diquat-treated plants. Si pretreatment retarded the appearance of ribose below the 0.0162 percent level of Paraquat, and at all Diquat levels. This indicated a Si "protection" of photosynthetic reactions, possibly those of phosphoribose isomerase. 5. The leaf enzymes phosphatase, ATP-ase, and peroxidase were suppressed by increasing desiccant concentrations. Si pretreatments acted to preserve near normal enzyme levels regardless of desiccant action. Leaf amylase, and invertase from immature storage tissue, were greatly stimulated by Paraquat. In these instances Si served to suppress the excessive enzyme activity. 6. Si did not seem to act as an inhibitor in living tissues, as it is known to do in the test tube. Rather, a series of Si-enzyme complexes appeared to form and to retard activity shifts in either direction. 7. A third experiment involving 0.001 percent Paraquat, and a single Si pretreatment given 1 day prior to Paraquat, generally verified the sucrose, enzyme, and visible foliar effects noted earlier with more severe desiccant and Si treatments. The results support the thesis that undesirable effects of a chemical on plants can be selectively modified by control of critical enzymes. The value of this concept in increasing the scope and productivity of agricultural chemicals is noted.

scholarly journals Calcium Nutrition and Cultivar Influence Incidence of Tipburn of Collard

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 544-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Calcium Nutrition ◽  
Soil Application ◽  
Young Leaves

The collard (Brassica oleracea, Acephala group) cultivar Vates was more susceptible than `Blue Max' to tipburn in sand-culture and field studies. Calcium concentrations in young leaves were similar for both cultivars. `Blue Max' appears to require a lower Ca concentration in young leaves than `Vates' for normal growth. In sand-culture studies, increasing the Ca level in nutrient solution to 3 mm or higher decreased tipburn in `Vates'. `Blue Max' did not develop tipburn regardless of Ca level. Increasing the Ca level in nutrient solution increased Ca concentration in young and old leaves for both cultivars. Soil application of CaSO4 or foliar application of Ca(NO3)2 or CaCl2 did not decrease occurrence of tipburn in Yates', presumably because these treatments did not increase Ca concentrations in young leaves.

scholarly journals Silicon Supplied via Root or Leaf Relieves Potassium Deficiency Effects in Common Bean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcilene Machado dos Santos Sarah ◽  
Renato de Mello Prado ◽  
Jonas Pereira de Souza Júnior ◽  
Gelza Carliane Marques Teixeira ◽  
João Carlos dos Santos Duarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
And Control

Abstract Potassium (K) deficiency affects physiological performance and decreasing vegetative growth in common bean plants. However, silicon (Si) supplied via nutrient solution or foliar application may relieve nutritional stress. Thus, two experiments were carried out: initially, a test was performed to determine the best source and concentration of leaf-applied Si. Subsequently, the chosen Si source was applied via nutrient solution or via leaf to verify if it is efficient in alleviating the effects caused by K deficiency. To that end, a completely randomized 2 x 3 factorial design was used, with two levels of K: deficient (0.2 mmol L− 1 of K) and sufficient (6 mmol L− 1 of K); and Si: via nutrient solution (2 mmol L− 1 of Si) or foliar spray (5.4 mmol L− 1 of Si) and control (0 mmol L− 1 of Si). In the first experiment, foliar spraying with sodium silicate and stabilized potassium at a concentration of 5.4 mmol L− 1 was better in favoring the physiology of bean plants. In the second experiment, K deficiency without the addition of Si compromised the plant's growth. Si applied through nutrient solution or foliar spray relieved K deficiency stress, increasing chlorophylls and carotenoids content, photosynthetic activity, water use efficiency and vegetative growth.

Effects of foliar application of magnesium sulphate on the quality and magnesium content of flue-cured tobacco

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (70) ◽  
pp. 677 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinkerton ◽  
PN Person
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Tobacco Seedlings ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Tobacco seedlings were not damaged by sprays containing up to 20 per cent magnesium sulphate, but deleterious effects on leaf were observed when several applications of three per cent or more were applied to full-sized plants. In an outdoor trial with tobacco in sand culture plants were supplied with nutrient solutions with and without magnesium. The effects of foliar application of two per cent magnesium sulphate on quality and magnesium concentration in the cured leaf were studied. Seven sprays applied at about seven day intervals raised the magnesium concentration in leaves by 0.30 to 0.40 per cent Mg. Five sprays applied after the onset of deficiency symptoms raised the concentration in leaves by 0.1 6 to 0.25 per cent Mg, and improved quality greatly compared with leaves from deficient plants. Application of one spray several days prior to picking increased the concentration in leaves by approximately 0.08 per cent Mg, but had an adverse effect on value. The value of the leaf from sprayed plants was never as good as that from the best plants supplied with magnesium via the roots only even though the magnesium concentrations in leaf were similar. The difference in quality was not attributable to deleterious effects of high sulphur content.

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