scholarly journals Microbial succesion, fermentation end-products, aerobic stability of guinea grass ensiled with various doses of additive containing bacterial inoculant and fibrolytic enzymes.

1969 ◽  
Vol 85 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 151-164
Author(s):  
Abner A. Rodríguez ◽  
José L. Martínez ◽  
Raúl Macchiavelli ◽  
Ernesto O. Riquelme
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Microbial Succession ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
End Products ◽  
Guinea Grass

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three application rates (0,1 and 2 times the recommended rate) of a commercial additive containing a lactic acid-producing bacterial inoculant as well as plant cell walldegrading enzymes, on the microbial succession, fermentation end-products, and aerobic stability of guinea grass (Panicum maximum var. Jacq.) silage. Vegetative material was harvested at 30% dry matter (DM) and chopped into 2.5-cm pieces. At ensiling, three treatments were imposed: no additive (control), additive applied at recommended rate, and at 2x the recommended rate. Three silos per treatment were opened after 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28, and 56 d of fermentation, and siiage was analyzed for pH, microbial succession, chemical composition, fermentation end-products and aerobic stability. For aerobic stability determination, three silos per treatment were opened at the end of the fermentation period, and silage (400 g) was exposed to air for three days in Styrofoam containers lined with plastic. After 0 , 1 , and 3 d of aerobic exposure, silage was analyzed for pH, microbial populations (total bacteria, yeast and molds), water soluble carbohydrate content, fermentation end-products and in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD). Temperature was monitored daily and dry matter recovery (DMR) was calculated after 1 and 3 d of aerobic exposure. The addition of the commercial additive, applied one or two times the recommended rate, increased (P < 0.05) the lactic acid producing bacterial population and decreased (P < 0.05) conforms during early stages of the fermentation process, but did not influence the yeast and mold populations or the chemical composition of the resulting silage. Use of the inoculant-enzyme mixture also resulted in siiage with higher lactic acid content 56 days post ensiling. The silage additive did not inffuence pH, temperature, microbial populations, soluble carbohydrate content, IVDMD or DMR of guinea grass silage after exposure to air. In summary, use of the commercial additive applied at the recommended rate partially improved the fermentation characteristics of guinea grass silage, but did not enhance its aerobic stability. Increasing the application rate to twice the recommended rate did not result in better fermentation.

Development of Microbial Populations in Fermented Wastes from Frozen Vegetable Processing

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
NANCY J. MOON
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Green Beans ◽  
End Products ◽  
Facultative Anaerobic ◽  
Turnip Greens ◽  
Acetic Acids

Changes in microbial populations were evaluated in fermented silage-like products prepared from wastes generated during frozen vegetable processing. Lactobacillus plantarum (107/g) was used to inoculate wastes from black-eyed peas, corn, potatoes, turnip greens and green beans. Populations of facultative anaerobic flora (lactobacilli, lactic acid cocci), anaerobes (clostridia) and lactate-hydrolyzing microflora differed in silages of different composition. Development of microflora correlated with pH decline and production of volatile and nonvolatile acids. Lactic and acetic acids were produced early while secondary metabolic end products (propionic, butyric acids) accumulated later in silages as populations of clostridia and propionibacteria increased. Minimum pH levels were attained after 2 and 4 days of fermentation. Black-eyed pea and potato silages had relatively high pH levels (&gt;4.50). This was correlated with low soluble carbohydrate content. No generalized role could be determined for population changes of fungi or coliforms. The most desirable waste silages can be produced from temperature-stressed materials adjusted to proper composition to ensure optimum fermentation patterns.

scholarly journals Nutritional value, fermentation losses and aerobic stability of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) silage treated with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e48272
Author(s):  
Maikon Figueredo Lemos ◽  
Alexandro Pereira Andrade ◽  
Pedro Henrique Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Camila Oliveira Santos ◽  
Caio Felipe Barros Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Fibrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum Schum

The aim of this study was to evaluate nutritional value, fermentation losses, and aerobic stability of elephant grass silage (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) treated with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replicates (experimental silos) and five levels of fibrolytic enzymes (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0%). For this, the elephant grass was ensiled at 70 days of age in plastic buckets with 20L capacity. Silos were opened 60 days after sealing. Analyses were made for chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), effluent losses (EL), gas losses (GL) and dry matter recovery (DMR), as well as the aerobic stability of the silage. Data were analyzed with PROC REG of SAS® University, at 5% probability. There was an increase in IVDMD content (p < 0.0001) and reduction in NDF and ADF contents (p < 0.0001) according to enzyme levels. These results were related to the increase in the degradation of fiber fractions. There were higher EL (p = 0.0062) as a function of enzyme levels and aerobic deterioration after silo opening, at all levels tested. Thus, it can be concluded that the exogenous fibrolytic enzymes change the chemical composition of elephant grass silage, and increase its digestibility and nutritional value. Moreover, when used alone as an additive, fibrolytic enzymes are not able to recover all dry matter of this silage (with effluent and gas losses), and are not able to maintain aerobic stability in the first hours after opening the silos.

scholarly journals Murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) meal as an additive to elephant grass silage

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-272
Author(s):  
Cláudia M Serra-Ferreira ◽  
Agatha G Farias-Souza ◽  
Rita C Almeida-Mendonça ◽  
Melany Simões-Souza ◽  
Wagner R L Lopes-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
High Moisture Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Aerobic Stability

Background: Tropical grasses, such as elephant grass, have high moisture content during its ideal phenological state for silage. High moisture content hinders proper preservation and reduces the nutritive value of silage due to secondary fermentation and production of effluents. Adding feed materials with high dry matter content, such as murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) meal, is a potential alternative to improve silage yield. Objective: To determine the effects of including murumuru meal (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28%) on the fermentative characteristics, microbiological activity, aerobic stability, and chemical composition of elephant grass silages. Methods: A completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates was used. Elephant grass was collected at 60 d of age, minced, and homogenized with murumuru meal. The mass was placed in experimental 15-L silos. The silos were collected and analyzed 45 d later. Results: Effluent production decreased (p<0.05) as the proportions of murumuru meal in silage increased. A quadratic effect (p<0.05) was observed on dry matter recovery. An increase (p<0.05) was observed in dry matter content, a decrease (p<0.05) in the neutral detergent fiber content, and an increase (p<0.05) in the non-fibrous carbohydrate content with the inclusion of murumuru meal. Conclusions: Addition of murumuru meal improves chemical composition and does not affect the fermentative characteristics of elephant grass silage, while it reduces effluent losses. Nevertheless, the inclusion of murumuru meal in the elephant grass silage decreased the time of aerobic stability.

Effect of cactus pear as a moistening additive in the production of rehydrated corn grain silage

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
D. M. Pereira ◽  
E. M. Santos ◽  
J. S. Oliveira ◽  
F. N. S. Santos ◽  
R. C. Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cactus Pear ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Microbiological Characteristics ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of cactus pear as a moistening additive on fermentative and microbiological characteristics, aerobic stability (AS), chemical composition and in situ rumen degradability of corn grain silage at different opening times. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme with four levels of dry matter (DM) (50; 60; 70 and 80% of DM) and three opening times (30; 60 and 120 days after ensiling), with four replications. There was an effect of interaction (P < 0.05) between the DM levels and opening times on silage yeast population, effluent losses, gas losses, dry matter recovery (DMR), AS of the silage and on lactic acid bacteria, mould and yeast populations after AS trial. The 60% DM level presented DMR values above 930 g/kg of DM. However, the lowest AS time (96.52 h) was observed in silages with 60% DM at 60 days after ensiling, although all silages have shown high AS. The DM in situ degradability of the ensiled mass increased after the ensiling process at all DM levels and opening times, with the 60% DM content showing the best result. When using cactus pear as a corn grain moistening additive, the 60% DM level is recommended when the opening time is up 120 days.

scholarly journals The effects of three silage inoculants on aerobic stability in grass, clover-grass, lucerne and maize silages

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Jatkauskas ◽  
Vilma Vrotniakiene ◽  
Christer Ohlsson ◽  
Bente Lund
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Silage Inoculants

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of homofermentative and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants on fermentation and aerobic stability in a variety of crops and dry matter concentrations. The experiments were conducted with lucerne, ryegrass, ryegrass-timothy, red clover-ryegrass and whole crop maize using three additives in laboratory scale conditions. Each treatment and crop was replicated 5 five times when determining the chemical composition and aerobic stability in the silage. The data were statistically analyzed as a randomized complete block by using the GLM procedure of SAS. Additive application reduced pH and formation of butyric acid, alcohols and ammonia-N in all crops compared with the untreated silage (p < 0.05). The use of additives increased the content of lactic acid except heterofermentative LAB in maize with 276 g kg-1 DM and increased the content of acetic acid except homofermentative LAB in ryegrass-timothy and maize with 276 g kg-1 DM compared with the untreated silage (p < 0.05). It was observed that the aerobic stability of silages was improved significantly (p < 0.05) by using homofermentative and heterofermentative LAB inoculants.

scholarly journals Effect of urea on gas and effluent losses, microbial populations, aerobic stability and chemical compositivo of corn (Zea mays L.) silage

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-319
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Maia Dos Santos ◽  
Edson Mauro Santos ◽  
Juliana Silva de Oliveira ◽  
Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho ◽  
Gherman Garcia Leal de Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Group I ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Fermentation Profile ◽  
Urea Addition

We evaluated the effects of urea addition on gas and effluent losses, fermentation profile, microbial populations, aerobic stability and chemical composition of corn silages. A completely randomised design with five levels of urea (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% based on dry matter) and five replicates was used. A decreasing linear effect of urea levels on effluent losses in corn silages was observed. In parallel, an increasing linear effect of urea levels on pH, increasing from 3.49 to 4.12 in silages without urea in relation to silages with the maximum urea level, was also observed. Urea addition improved the aerobic stability of the silages, with 62 h for the silages without urea and from 90 to >96 h for the silages with urea. Based on the results of the principal components, two groups (I and II) could be distinguished. The most discriminating variables in group I were dry matter (-0.9), pH (-1.2) and lactic acid bacteria (-0.9), while in group II, effluent losses (1.0), ethanol (1.0), acetic acid (0.8) and gas losses (0.8) were most important. The use of urea at inclusion levels of around 2% in corn silage reduced gas losses, improved the nutritive value and promote the aerobic stability of silages. Highlights: The addition of urea in the corn silages increased the pH values from 3.49 (control) to 4.12 (2% of urea DM). The use of urea improved chemical composition of corn silages. The addition of urea reduced the moulds and yeast populations in the corn silages after exposure to air. Urea addition improved the aerobic stability of the corn silages.

scholarly journals Fermentation profile and chemical composition of cassava root silage

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
Juliana Schuch PITIRINI ◽  
Rosana Ingrid Ribeiro dos SANTOS ◽  
Francy Manoely da Silva LIMA ◽  
Ilano Silva Braga do NASCIMENTO ◽  
Jehmison de Oliveira BARRADAS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Cassava Root ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Fermentation Profile ◽  
Silage Production ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT The use of cassava root silage for animal feeding is a suitable option for farmers who grow cassava as an alternative product and for cattle ranchers who have to deal with high prices of corn. Our objective was to determine the effects of cassava genotypes and the correction of soil acidity on the microbial population, fermentation characteristics, chemical composition, aerobic stability and losses of cassava root silage. We used a 2 × 3 factorial design in completely randomized blocks, with four replications. We evaluated two cassava genotypes (Caeté and Manteiguinha) and three methods of soil acidity correction (lime, gypsum, and lime+gypsum). The roots were harvested 11 months after planting, ensiled in PVC silos, and stored for 45 days. No interaction was observed between genotypes and soil acidity correction for any of the evaluated parameters. The silage of Caeté genotype showed the highest concentration of dry matter (421 g kg-1 fresh matter) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (893 g kg-1 dry matter), and the lowest concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (37.1 g kg-1 dry matter) . No significant differences were observed among treatments for lactic acid bacteria, yeast and mold counts in silages. Both genotypes resulted in silages with an adequate fermentation profile and considerably high aerobic stability, but with high effluent loss. The Caeté genotype showed to be potentially better for silage production due to its higher dry matter recovery. Due to the high level of effluent loss, it is recommended to test the effect of a moisture-absorbing additive during the ensiling process of these cassava roots.

Grass size and butterfly pea inclusion modify the nutritional value of elephant grass silage

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maikon Figueredo Lemos ◽  
Alexandre Carneiro Leão de Mello ◽  
Adriana Guim ◽  
Márcio Vieira da Cunha ◽  
Pedro Henrique Ferreira da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Butterfly Pea

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional value of silages from tall-sized and dwarf elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) genotypes, intercropped or not with butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea). The experiment was performed in randomized complete blocks, in a 4x2 factorial arrangement (four genotypes × two cropping systems). The genotypes intercropped or not with butterfly pea were: IRI-381 and Elephant B, tall sized; and Taiwan A-146 2.37 and Mott, dwarf. Forage was harvested 60 days after regrowth. In the silage from Mott grass intercropped with butterfly pea, lower contents of lignin (78.1 g kg-1), neutral detergent fiber (636.0 g kg-1), and neutral detergent insoluble protein (13.15 g kg-1), besides a greater dry matter recovery (873.3 g kg-1), were observed. The silage from Taiwan A-146 2.37 intercropped with the legume showed a greater crude protein content (136.1 g kg-1). In both silages, the ammonia nitrogen contents were quite reduced (26.4 g kg-1). However, greater residual water-soluble carbohydrate contents were observed in the silages from the intercrop (1.85 mg g-1) and from the Mott grass monocrop (1.51 mg g-1). Moreover, there was a lower in vitro dry matter digestibility (676.7 g kg-1) for the silage from the intercrop. Dwarf genotypes increase the nutritional value of elephant grass silage, compared with the tall-sized ones. Intercropping with butterfly pea improves silage fermentation characteristics, despite reducing its digestibility. Therefore, the ensilage of dwarf Mott elephant grass intercropped with butterfly pea shows more promising results.

Fermentative characteristics and chemical composition of cochineal nopal cactus silage containing chemical and microbial additives

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
W. C. C. S. Sá ◽  
E. M. Santos ◽  
J. S. de Oliveira ◽  
G. G. L. de Araujo ◽  
A. F. Perazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Stability Test ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Constant Ph ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Exclusive Or ◽  
Storage Times ◽  
Silage Additives

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentative characteristics and chemical composition of cochineal nopal cactus silage additives with urea or Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), as well as the association of both additives in four storage times (7, 15, 60 and 120 days) and during aerobic stability, with evaluations at 0, 48 and 96 h. Four silages were used: no additive, addition of 2% urea, addition of LB and addition of 2% urea and LB. The study was divided into two experiments: the first experiment evaluated the silages at different storage times, and the second experiment evaluated the silages during the aerobic stability test. In both experiments, the experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme (4 × 4 and 4 × 3) with three replicates per treatment. After the ensiling process, lactic acid bacteria predominated in all treatments. The concentration of lactic acid increased significantly from 60 days of ensiling. The concentration of acetic acid varied significantly between the storage times only for the silages treated with urea and LB alone. The silage treated with urea maintained a constant pH value up to 120 days of storage. During the 96 h aerobic stability test, no breaking in the stability of silages was observed. The exclusive or associated use of urea and LB promotes improvement in the fermentative characteristics of cochineal nopal cactus silage, without major alterations in the chemical composition or interfering with the aerobic stability of the silages.

scholarly journals Additive Type Affects Fermentation, Aerobic Stability and Mycotoxin Formation during Air Exposure of Early-Cut Rye (Secale cereale L.) Silage

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1432
Author(s):  
Horst Auerbach ◽  
Peter Theobald
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Silage Production

Whole-crop rye harvested before maturity represents a valuable forage for silage production. Due to the scarcity of data on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability (ASTA) and the lack of information on mycotoxin formation during aeration of early-cut rye (ECR) silage after silo opening, we evaluated the effects of different additive types and compositions. Wilted forage was treated with various biological and chemical additives, ensiled in 1.5-L glass jars and stored for 64 days. Fermentation pattern, yeast and mould counts and ASTA were determined at silo opening. In total 34 mycotoxins were analysed in wilted forage and in silage before and after 240 h of air exposure. Chemical additives caused the lowest dry matter (DM) losses during fermentation accompanied with the lowest ethanol production and the highest water-soluble carbohydrate concentration. Aerobic deterioration, which started within two days after silo opening in silage left untreated and inoculated with homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, was prevented by the combined use of hetero- and homofermentative lactic acid bacteria and the chemical additive containing sodium nitrite, hexamethylene tetramine and potassium sorbate. Moreover, these two additives largely restricted the formation of the mycotoxin roquefortine C to < 0.05 mg kg−1 DM after aeration, whereas untreated silage contained 85.2 mg kg−1 DM.

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