scholarly journals PREPARATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM TEAK LEAVES FOR THE DECOLORIZATION OF PALM OIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. I. Ofulue Ofulue ◽  
F. A. Adekola ◽  
V. O Adimula
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Bleaching Efficiency ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Great Relevance

The bleaching efficiency of activated carbon prepared from teak leaves was investigated for the removal of pigments from palm oil. The adsorbents were activated using KOH and FeCl3 as activating agents. The effects of adsorbent dosage (2% - 6 %), contact time (15 min. – 90 min.) and temperature (30 °C – 80 °C) were studied, while the unactivated adsorbent was used as standard. The ash content, moisture content, volatile matter content, and fixed carbon content were determined and the adsorptive bleaching of palm oil investigated using 1.2 g activated carbon with 20 g crude palm oil. Bleaching efficiency was observed to be 93.09 % and 96.68 % for the KOH and FeCl3 activated adsorbent respectively, while the unactivated adsorbent was observed to have a bleaching efficiency of 89.21 %. The optimum bleaching efficiency was observed at a temperature of 70 °C, adsorbent dosage of 6 %, and contact time of 90 min. Results obtained suggests that teak leaves can be a source of low-cost adsorbent for the removal of pigments from palm oil which is of great relevance in obtaining a clean environment.

scholarly journals PREPARATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM TEAK LEAVES FOR THE DECOLORIZATION OF PALM OIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. I. Ofulue ◽  
F. A. Adekola ◽  
V. O Adimula
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Bleaching Efficiency ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Great Relevance

The bleaching efficiency of activated carbon prepared from teak leaves was investigated for the removal of pigments from palm oil. The adsorbents were activated using KOH and FeCl3 as activating agents. The effects of adsorbent dosage (2% - 6 %), contact time (15 min. – 90 min.) and temperature (30 °C – 80 °C) were studied, while the unactivated adsorbent was used as standard. The ash content, moisture content, volatile matter content, and fixed carbon content were determined and the adsorptive bleaching of palm oil investigated using 1.2 g activated carbon with 20 g crude palm oil. Bleaching efficiency was observed to be 93.09 % and 96.68 % for the KOH and FeCl3 activated adsorbent respectively, while the unactivated adsorbent was observed to have a bleaching efficiency of 89.21 %. The optimum bleaching efficiency was observed at a temperature of 70 °C, adsorbent dosage of 6 %, and contact time of 90 min. Results obtained suggests that teak leaves can be a source of low-cost adsorbent for the removal of pigments from palm oil which is of great relevance in obtaining a clean environment.

scholarly journals Enhancing the Decolorization of Methylene Blue Using a Low-Cost Super-Absorbent Aided by Response Surface Methodology

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4430
Author(s):  
Nor Hakimin Abdullah ◽  
Mazlan Mohamed ◽  
Norshahidatul Akmar Mohd Shohaimi ◽  
Azwan Mat Lazim ◽  
Ahmad Zamani Abdul Halim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Oil Palm Trunk

The presence of organic dyes from industrial wastewater can cause pollution and exacerbate environmental problems; therefore, in the present work, activated carbon was synthesized from locally available oil palm trunk (OPT) biomass as a low-cost adsorbent to remove synthetic dye from aqueous media. The physical properties of the synthesized oil palm trunk activated carbon (OPTAC) were analyzed by SEM, FTIR-ATR, and XRD. The concurrent effects of the process variables (adsorbent dosage (g), methylene blue (MB) concentration (mg/L), and contact time (h)) on the MB removal percentage from aqueous solution were studied using a three-factor three-level Box–Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM), followed by the optimization of MB adsorption using OPTAC as the adsorbent. Based on the results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the three parameters considered, adsorbent dosage (X1) is the most crucial parameter, with an F-value of 1857.43, followed by MB concentration (X2) and contact time (X3) with the F-values of 95.60 and 29.48, respectively. Furthermore, the highest MB removal efficiency of 97.9% was achieved at the optimum X1, X2, and X3 of 1.5 g, 200 mg/L, and 2 h, respectively.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Activated Carbons from African Teak (Iroko) Wood and Coconut Shell in Palm Oil Bleaching

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davidson C Onwumelu
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Fuller’S Earth ◽  
Coconut Shell Activated Carbon

This study compares the effectiveness of activated carbons from the African Teak/Iroko wood (Milicia excelsia) and coconut shell as adsorbents in Crude Palm Oil (CPO) bleaching. This was done in order to source for local agro-waste substitutes for the imported Fuller’s earth. The materials were activated using analytical grade CaCl2 in 25% solution at a temperature of 109OC in a laboratory hot air oven. The obtained activated carbon samples were subjected to proximate analysis to ascertain their percentage ash, moisture, volatile matter and fixed carbon contents. The CPO to be analysed was degummed, neutralized and further bleached using 2g, 4g, 6g, 8g, 10g, 12g and 14g of the adsorbent samples at a temperature of 130OC after which the obtained oils were analysed and results plotted. It was observed that the bleached oil samples generally had reduced specific gravity, opacity, colour, and free fatty acid (FFA) compared to the CPO. It was also observed that the opacity, colour, and FFA reduced as the adsorbent dosage increased. Conversely, the percentage colour reduction and the percentage FFA reduction increased with adsorbent dosage. Overall, the oil samples bleached by activated carbon from the African Teak/Iroko wood exhibited more desirable properties than the ones bleached by the coconut shell activated carbon.

scholarly journals Removal of Cadmium Ions from Synthetic Wastewater by using Pennisetum purpureum (Elephant Grass) as Low Cost Biodegradable Adsorbent (Biosorbent)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Ling Shing Yun ◽  
Asmadi Ali
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Cadmium Ions ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Ft Ir

At present, heavy metal pollution is a major environmental concern and the adsorption technique is a potent method for removal of these heavy metals from wastewater. Activated carbon is one of the best adsorbents for metal ions removal but it is sometimes restricted due to high cost and problems with regeneration hamper large scale application. Low cost adsorbent is alternatively being introduced to replace activated carbon since it is available in large quantity, renewable and inexpensive. Hence, Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass) was investigated for its potential in cadmium ions removal. The adsorbent was characterized by Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) analyses. The effects of pH (1 to 5), initial metal ion concentration (5 to 25 mg/L), contact time (10 to 60 minutes) and adsorbent dosage (0.2 to 1.0 g) on cadmium ions removal were conducted by batch adsorption experiments. In this study, the FT-IR results demonstrated that the functional groups for untreated and nitric acid-treated P. purpureum mainly consisted of carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl and amine groups which are able to bind with positively charged cadmium ions. SEM micrographs have proven that nitric acid modification would remove the surface impurities of P. purpureum, which increased the surface roughness, produced deep, open pores and better pore size distribution. From the BET and BJH analyses, the treated P. purpureum was mesoporous, had larger surface area and pore volume compared to untreated P. purpureum. The best pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time were pH 4, 0.6 g and 30 minutes, respectively. The highest removal percentage of cadmium ions for both untreated and treated P. purpureum were 92% and 98% correspondingly. The results shown strengthened the fact that both biosorbents have great potential in cadmium ions removal.

scholarly journals Cyclic Sequential Removal of Alizarin Red S Dye and Cr(VI) Ions Using Wool as a Low-Cost Adsorbent

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 556
Author(s):  
Mustafa I. Khamis ◽  
Taleb H. Ibrahim ◽  
Fawwaz H. Jumean ◽  
Ziad A. Sara ◽  
Baraa A. Atallah
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Alizarin Red S ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Simultaneous Reduction ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Adsorption Data ◽  
Sheep Wool

Alizarin red S (ARS) removal from wastewater using sheep wool as adsorbent was investigated. The influence of contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, initial ARS concentration and temperature was studied. Optimum values were: pH = 2.0, contact time = 90 min, adsorbent dosage = 8.0 g/L. Removal of ARS under these conditions was 93.2%. Adsorption data at 25.0 °C and 90 min contact time were fitted to the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. R2 values were 0.9943 and 0.9662, respectively. Raising the temperature to 50.0 °C had no effect on ARS removal. Free wool and wool loaded with ARS were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). ARS loaded wool was used as adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) from industrial wastewater. ARS adsorbed on wool underwent oxidation, accompanied by a simultaneous reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The results hold promise for wool as adsorbent of organic pollutants from wastewater, in addition to substantial self-regeneration through reduction of toxic Cr(VI) to Cr(III). Sequential batch reactor studies involving three cycles showed no significant decline in removal efficiencies of both chromium and ARS.

Sorption of Methylene Blue and Acid Orange 7 onto Ananas comosus Peels and Leaves Based Activated Carbon

2013 ◽  
Vol 330 ◽  
pp. 112-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabilah A. Lutpi ◽  
N. Najihah Jamil ◽  
C.K. Kairulazam C.K. Abdullah ◽  
Yee Shian Wong ◽  
Soon An Ong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Acid Orange 7 ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Acid Orange ◽  
Percentage Removal

The adsorption of Methylene Blue (MB) and Acid Orange 7 (AO7) dye onto Ananas Comosus Mixed Peels and Leaves (ACMPL) were carried out by conducting four different parameters such as initial concentration, pH, dosage of adsorbent, and contact time. Effect of initial concentration for both dyes showed that higher initial concentration would take longer contact time to attain equilibrium due to higher amount of adsorbate molecules. The effect of pH showed highest percentage removal for MB is at pH 9 which is 95.81%. Meanwhile for AO7 the highest percentage removal is 31.06% at pH 3. The percentage removal of MB had reached the equilibrium at dosage 0.5g while AO7 keep increasing with the increment of adsorbent dosage. The percentage removal of MB and AO7 had increased until hour 2.5 which was from 72.5% to 86.93% and 19.441% to 36.89% respectively and reached equilibrium at 3 hour contact time.

scholarly journals Study of Adsorption Characteristics a Low-Cost Sawdust for the Removal of Direct Blue 85 Dye from Aqueous Solutions

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 724
Author(s):  
Rahmah Hashim Abdullah ◽  
Amjed Mirza Oda ◽  
Alaa Rasheed Omran ◽  
Ameer Salem Mottaleb ◽  
Teeba Mudhefer Mubarakah
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Adsorption Isotherms ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Direct Blue

The performance sawdust as a low cost adsorbent to remove Direct Blue 85 (DB85) dye from aqueous solutions has been evaluated. The characteristic of sawdust analyzed by FTIR and XRD. The removal percentage of this dye was studied at different experimental conditions such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, particle size, temperature, and pH. The optimum removal percentage value was found at pH 2.Temperature also has a positive impact on adsorption, where the adsorption of this dye on the sawdust increased as the temperature increased. High values of correlation coefficient signified that the adsorption of (DB85) dye on the surface of sawdust obey Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms.

scholarly journals Characterization of ball-milled bamboo-based activated carbon treated with KMnO4 and KOH as activating agents

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 8303-8322
Author(s):  
Qanytah ◽  
Khaswar Syamsu ◽  
Farah Fahma ◽  
dan Gustan Pari
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Ball Milling ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Bet Analysis ◽  
Distribution Index

Bamboo-based activated carbon was made using the activating agents KOH and KMnO4 at high temperature. This study examined the ability of unmilled and ball-milled bamboo activated using KOH or KMnO4 to fulfil the activated carbon standard parameters. Chemical activation was done using KOH and KMnO4 at 2.5% and 5% concentration, heated at 800 °C, and steamed for 1 hour. Sample size was reduced to 500 nm using high energy ball-milling at 500 rpm for 80, 150, or 180 min. Analysis included the yield, water content, ash content, volatile matter content, burn-off weight percentage, morphology analysis, functional groups (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR), crystallinity analysis (X-ray diffraction, XRD), and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) analysis. Ball-milling treatment for 150 min produced activated carbon of 449 nm in size and a particle distribution index (PDI) score of 0.66. Ball milled activated carbon from the experiment had a pore radius ranging from 1.18 to 2.49 nm. The activated carbon that met the criteria of ANSI/AWWA B604-12 (2012) standard for moisture content, iodine number, and JIS K 1474 (1967) standard for methylene blue adsorption level and surface area were milled activated carbon with activator KMnO4 2.5%.

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