scholarly journals Aflatoxin M1 Transfer Rate from Milk into Cheese and Whey During the Production of Hard Cheese

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 215-220
Author(s):  
Saša Krstović ◽  
Anka Popović Vranješ ◽  
Anka Kasalica ◽  
Marija Jevtić ◽  
Igor Jajić
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Hard Cheese ◽  
The Eu

Summary The aim of this study was to investigate aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) transfer from naturally contaminated raw milk into cheese and whey, during the production of Livanjski cheese (hard cheese type). Raw milk samples were collected from 4 farms in Serbia. The samples were then tested for AFM1 content and were later used for hard cheese production. Four cheese samples were produced, and the matching whey samples were also collected. The milk samples included two samples containing AFM1 above the EU maximum level (0.077±0.009 and 0.118±0.008 µg/kg) and the other two samples below the maximum level of 0.05 µg/kg (0.021±0.002 and 0.034±0.004 µg/kg). Regarding AFM1 transfer into cheese from the milk samples containing AFM1 above the EU maximum level, the rate was approximately 4-fold (383% and 410%). On the other hand, in the cheese samples made from milk containing AFM1 below the EU maximum level, almost 10-fold levels of AFM1 content in milk were found (transfer rates of 934% and 961%). As for the whey samples, AFM1 levels were below the levels found in the milk samples (transfer rates of 78%, 74%, 68% and 57%). The difference in the transfer rates for the cheese made from the milk samples contaminated at different levels may indicate the possibility that the AFM1 transfer rate from milk into cheese depends on the content of this toxin in milk.

Incidence of Aflatoxin M1 in Thai Milk Products

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1010-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRIENGSAG SAITANU
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Powdered Milk ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Sterilized Milk

Two hundred seventy samples of raw milk and off-the-shelf milk products were examined for aflatoxin M1 content using a radioimmunoassay. Aflatoxin M1 was found in the majority of milk samples except 1 sample of raw milk and 11 samples of imported powdered milk. All cases of aflatoxin M1 content greater than 0.5 ppb were found in 18% (48) of the samples including raw milk (17/67), pasteurized milk (20/63), ultra high temperature milk (7/60), sterilized milk (3/60), and pelleted milk (1/7). All powdered milk samples were negative for aflatoxin M1 except two samples with less than 0.1 ppb. The positive aflatoxin M1 test results for five of the raw milk samples were confirmed by HPLC.

scholarly journals AFLATOXIN EXCRETION THROUGH MILK

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Milica Živkov Baloš ◽  
Željko Mihaljev ◽  
Mira Kovačević ◽  
Dejan Bugarski
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Obligatory Control ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Layer Chromatography

In the period January to June 2006 the samples of feed were collected from feed factories in Southern Baåka and Srem district. The samples of raw milk and full mix were taken from 5 dairy farms. A total of 50 raw milk samples was examined. The samples were examined on the presence of aflatoxin B1 using the method of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and simultaneously, using ELISA tests. Milk samples were examined using immunoenzyme tests for the presence of aflatoxin M1. Aflatoxin content in all the examined feed and mix samples was below LOD (limit of detection) of TLC method, also this content was below MRL according to ELISA method. In total of 50 samples of raw milk, aflatoxin M1 was detected in two samples originating from different farms. Aflatoxin was detected in 7.5 ng/l, i.e. 10 ng/l respectively, what is considerably lower than MRL. Based on the obtained results it is considered that obligatory control of raw milk for the presence of aflatoxin is necessary.

scholarly journals The Incidence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Produced in a Regional Surveillance System Between 2013 and 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Alina FĂT ◽  
Sorin Daniel DAN ◽  
Alexandra TĂBĂRAN ◽  
Oana REGET ◽  
Daiana MIKLE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects ◽  
Regional Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Area ◽  
The Eu

Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites, generally produced by Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. Nomius. They can have immunosuppressive, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects, especially on the liver. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of AFM1 contamination in milk in an established surveillance area of Romania, during 2013-2017 period. The material was represented by 150 raw milk samples obtained from milk collecting units and breeding units in Cluj county. The samples were analyzed by ELISA method. Measurable levels of AFM1 were present in 28% of the milk samples examined. The level of AFM1 in the positive samples ranged between 0,010 and 0,089 μg/kg. Of the total samples, only two were found non-compliant with the EU regulatory limit (0.05 μg/kg). All the positive samples were detected in 2013. In the 2014-2017 period, the level of aflatoxin M1 in milk was undetectable. The contamination risk of AFM1 in milk may increase with feeds being stored in improper conditions of humidity and temperature. This risk can be significantly reduced by using aflatoxin uncontaminated feeds.

scholarly journals The Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, soft cheese and yoghurt in Baghdad Province by Using ELISA Test

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Najim Hadi Najim
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
White Cheese ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

     Milk and dairy products are fundamental components in the human diet and may be the principle way for entrance of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in to the human body. All milk and dairy products samples were tested for the occurrence of AFM1 by the competitive ELISA technique. Out of 32 bovine raw milk samples that were collected from eight villages around Baghdad province, 32 samples (100 %) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.15 to 86.96ng/kg with mean value of 42.37±26.07 ng/kg, of which 17 samples were contaminated with concentrations < 50 ng/kg and 15 samples exceeded the maximum acceptable level of AFM1 in milk (50 ng/kg) imposed by the European legislation. The raw milk samples belonged to animals fed with composite and stored fodder as in Althahab Alabiadh, Radhwaniya and Fadhaliya villages had higher significantly AFM1 concentrations over all the other five villages (Grazing feed). All 32 (100%) locally produced soft white cheese samples analyzed were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 31.84 to 89.44 ng/kg with the mean value of 59.92±17.03 ng/kg. Out of 32 locally produced yoghurt samples analyzed, 32 samples (100%) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.16 to 42.74 ng/kg with the mean value of 16.92±11.55 ng/kg. Thirty samples (100%) of the examined 30 imported UHT milk samples that were collected from different commercial companies in the province of Baghdad presented significantly  high contamination level with AFM1 that were found to range from 0.18 to 85.66 ng/kg.

Ammoniation of Whole Cottonseed at Atmospheric Pressure and Ambient Temperature to Reduce Aflatoxin M1 in Milk1

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. PRICE ◽  
O. G. LOUGH ◽  
W. H. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Whole Cottonseed ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cattle

Aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed was treated with 1 1/2% ammonia and 10% water and packed into a 3 m in diameter by 30-m long polyethylene bag and held for 21 d. The ammoniated cottonseed was fed to lactating dairy cattle in two different trials. (a) Ammoniated cottonseed was added to a standard dairy ration for 90 cows at a level of 3.5 kg per cow per day for 19 d. Non-ammoniated cottonseed was then fed at the same level for 7 d. Daily analysis of the milk from the bulk tank was performed. No differences in aflatoxin M1 from the background level of 0.1 μg/L was noted until the 22nd day of feeding. The maximum aflatoxin M1 level was reached at 0.55 μg/L on days 25–27. Levels returned to 0.1 μg/L 4 d after resumption of the feeding of the standard dairy ration. (b) Two and two tenths kg per day of ammoniated or non-ammoniated seed were added to rations of each of 6 dairy cows for 7 d. Milk samples were taken two milkings before feeding of the cottonseed, at each milking during the feeding and for 7 d after cottonseed feeding ceased. Analysis of milk for aflatoxin M1 showed a maximum level of 1.8 μg/L from the group receiving the untreated cottonseed and a maximum of 0.18 from the group receiving the ammoniated meal. Milk from both groups was negative for aflatoxin M1 6 d after cottonseed feeding ceased. Ammoniation of whole cottonseed included in the ration of dairy cattle was effective in reducing the amount of aflatoxin M1 in their milk by approximately 90% but not in completely eliminating it at treatment conditions used.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Akbar ◽  
Muhammad Nasir ◽  
Naureen Naeem ◽  
Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad ◽  
Sanaullah Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Us ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits ◽  
Elisa Technique

The manifestation of aflatoxins in feed and food is a major issue in the world as its presence leads to some health problems. This study investigates the incidence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk samples which were collected from Punjab, Pakistan. The Cluster Random Sampling technique was used to collect 960 milk samples from five different regions, and samples were collected every month. The AFM1 level in raw milk was analyzed by the ELISA technique. The findings demonstrate that 70% of samples exceeded the United States permissible maximum residue limits (MRL 0.50 µg/L), with an overall AFM1 level that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 µg/L. AFM1 contamination varied with the season: The highest average contamination was detected in winter (0.875 µg/L), followed by autumn (0.751 µg/L), spring (0.654 µg/L), and summer (0.455 µg/L). The Eastern region exhibited the highest average AFM1 contamination (0.705 µg/L). Milk samples from the Northern region were found to be widely contaminated, as 86.9% samples exceeded the US MRL, followed by the Eastern region, with 72.3% samples being contaminated with >0.5 µg/L AFM1. The study indicated that the raw milk supply chain was heavily contaminated. Recommendations and remedial measures need to be developed by regulatory authorities to improve the raw milk quality.

Evaluation of Raw Milk Quality Tests

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 356-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. WHITE ◽  
W. T. GILLIS ◽  
D. L. SIMMLER ◽  
M. K. GALAL ◽  
J. R. WALSH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Mean

A study was done to evaluate raw milk quality tests in an attempt to answer some questions regarding values or standards by which milk acceptance is determined. Initially, of 315 individual producer samples, 226 (72%) had proteolytic psychrotrophs. More than 90% of these psychrotrophs were of the genus Pseudomonas. All samples were obtained from four dairy companies processing milk in Georgia. One dairy had individual producers whose milk samples contained a large percentage of thermoduric psychrotrophs. “Bitter” flavors were more prevalent in samples collected from this dairy than in samples from the other three dairies. The degree of measurable proteolysis (Hull value) was directly correlated with the incidence of the naturally occurring “bitter” flavor. The mean Hull value for milk from this dairy (30.62 μg/ml) was 12–14 μg higher than the other three means. The mean Hull value for the “bitter” samples was 46 μg/ml.

A Practical Evaluation of the Delvotest P Multi Plate Test in Screening Raw Milk for Antibiotics

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 868-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
LYSE LAROCQUE ◽  
G. A. NEVILLE
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Antibiotic Residues ◽  
Plate Test ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Practical Evaluation ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis Atcc

The Delvotest P Multi plate test was evaluated by screening 100 milk samples for total antibiotic residues (penicillin G, streptomycin and neomycin). The samples were taken in conjunction with an antibiotic depletion study in milk derived from six cows treated with a multiple antibiotic, intramammary infusion product. Within the limits of sensitivity of the Delvotest, only penicillin G persisted in milk samples taken beyond 60 h, whereas in some samples, the other antibiotics appeared to be depleted as early as 48 h. More sensitive tests, however, detected neomycin (Staphylococcus epidermidis, ATCC 12228) in 50% of samples taken at 60 h and streptomycin (Bacillus subtilis, ATCC 6633) at 14.5 d after discontinuation of infusion.

scholarly journals A Combined Metabolomic and Metagenomic Approach to Discriminate Raw Milk for the Production of Hard Cheese

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Paolo Bellassi ◽  
Gabriele Rocchetti ◽  
Marco Nocetti ◽  
Luigi Lucini ◽  
Francesco Masoero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Chemical Profile ◽  
Po River ◽  
Prediction Ability ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hard Cheese ◽  
Feeding Systems

The chemical composition of milk can be significantly affected by different factors across the dairy supply chain, including primary production practices. Among the latter, the feeding system could drive the nutritional value and technological properties of milk and dairy products. Therefore, in this work, a combined foodomics approach based on both untargeted metabolomics and metagenomics was used to shed light onto the impact of feeding systems (i.e., hay vs. a mixed ration based on hay and fresh forage) on the chemical profile of raw milk for the production of hard cheese. In particular, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF) was used to investigate the chemical profile of raw milk (n = 46) collected from dairy herds located in the Po River Valley (Italy) and considering different feeding systems. Overall, a total of 3320 molecular features were putatively annotated across samples, corresponding to 734 unique compound structures, with significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two feeding regimens under investigation. Additionally, supervised multivariate statistics following metabolomics-based analysis allowed us to clearly discriminate raw milk samples according to the feeding systems, also extrapolating the most discriminant metabolites. Interestingly, 10 compounds were able to strongly explain the differences as imposed by the addition of forage in the cows’ diet, being mainly glycerophospholipids (i.e., lysophosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylcholines), followed by 5-(3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone-4′-O-glucuronide, 5a-androstan-3a,17b-diol disulfuric acid, and N-stearoyl glycine. The markers identified included both feed-derived (such as phenolic metabolites) and animal-derived compounds (such as lipids and derivatives). Finally, although characterized by a lower prediction ability, the metagenomic profile was found to be significantly correlated to some milk metabolites, with Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Dermabacteraceae establishing a higher number of significant correlations with the discriminant metabolites. Therefore, taken together, our preliminary results provide a comprehensive foodomic picture of raw milk samples from different feeding regimens, thus supporting further ad hoc studies investigating the metabolomic and metagenomic changes of milk in all processing conditions.

scholarly journals Detection of adulteration and quality Evaluation of raw milk collected from Local markets in Bangladesh

Food Biology ◽  
1970 ◽  
pp. 08-13
Author(s):  
Md. Anwarul Islam ◽  
Md. Touhiduzzaman Sarker ◽  
Adhita Sri Prabakusuma ◽  
Md. Imrul Hasan Russel ◽  
Md. Shahidul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Flowing Fluid ◽  
Physical Test ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Physical Tests

This experiment was aimed to detect adulteration and assess the quality of raw milk which were collected from various local markets in Bangladesh. The samples of the raw milk were collected from Narikali Bazar, Sofir Mia Bazar and Sokal Bazar of Jamalpur district in Bangladesh. Parameters were used to detect adulteration such as presence of Formalin, Starch, Cane Sugar, and coloring agent, and to screen the qualities of the samples on the basis of physical tests (color, flavor, taste, texture and specific gravity), chemical tests [acidity, fat, ash, lactose, protein, TS and SNF]-and microbiological tests. From the physical test, it was found that all the samples were yellowish white in color, normal in taste and flavor and free flowing fluid in case of texture. All of the raw milk samples did not fulfill the legal standard of milk composition. However, raw milk samples of Sokal Bazar were higher in fat, protein, lactose, SNF and TS contents than the other two samples. Microbiological parameters also remained high in all raw milk samples than the standard. It was observed that no adulteration was found in any of the collected raw milk samples. This study revealed that hygiene condition did not properly maintain during milking and transportation of the raw milk supplied in the local markets.

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