scholarly journals Exploring an Approach to Estimate Runoff in an Ungauged Mixed Urban Micro Catchment - A Case Study, Pune, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5405-5416
Author(s):  
Mugdha Kshirsagar ◽  
Rushikesh Satpute ◽  
Digant Chavda ◽  
Kanchan Khare
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Catchment Characteristics ◽  
Ungauged Basin ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban Catchments

Sustainable and integrated water resource management needs an hour, and achieving accurate estimation of runoff is key. The decision-making on urban landscaping planning for low-impact development techniques depends largely on the accuracy of rainfall. The haphazardly developed cities in India are encountering flooding crises due to the unexpected expansion. These mixed urban catchments comprise a muddle of residential, commercial, urban-rural, and industrial zones in any combination. Due to this change in urban catchments, the hydrological cycle gets affected and results in elevated runoff volume. The solutions to these are therefore necessary to be planned at a micro catchment level. This paper aims to explore an approach to calculate the runoff of such a micro mixed urban catchment. The geographical scope of this study is the fringe boundary of Pune city. For this ungauged basin, the basic mass balance equation was used to estimate runoff values compared with the runoff values calculated from empirical equations previously developed. From this comparison, it is observed that runoff values obtained from empirical equations were underestimated, which may be due to rapid land-use caused by urbanization. Hence, a need was felt to re-evaluate the coefficients of these empirical models, which take into cognizance the current scenario and its allied changes over the years. An attempt is made to modify the coefficients of empirical equations considering precipitation as the primary parameter. These modified coefficients fetched better runoff results than the runoff results obtained from the coefficients of previously established empirical equations. However, even with these modified coefficients, the runoff results were underestimated, which may be because of not considering the physical characteristics of the catchment in these equations. Therefore, to increase the accuracy of these results, a numerical model that considers these catchment characteristics was chosen. In the present study, a dynamic rainfall-runoff model - stormwater management models (SWMM) is used and compared to assess runoff for an ungauged micro-catchment. The runoff results achieved from these SWMM models better reproduced the hydrologic and hydraulic behavior of the study area (with RMSE of 2.51) by considering detailed catchment characteristics compared to those obtained from all the other empirical models.

scholarly journals Real time controlled sustainable urban drainage systems in dense urban areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Kändler ◽  
Ivar Annus ◽  
Anatoli Vassiljev ◽  
Raido Puust
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Urban Catchments

Abstract Stormwater runoff from urban catchments is affected by the changing climate and rapid urban development. Intensity of rainstorms is expected to increase in Northern Europe, and sealing off surfaces reduces natural stormwater management. Both trends increase stormwater peak runoff volume that urban stormwater systems (UDS) have to tackle. Pipeline systems have typically limited capacity, therefore measures must be foreseen to reduce runoff from new developed areas to existing UDS in order to avoid surcharge. There are several solutions available to tackle this challenge, e.g. low impact development (LID), best management practices (BMP) or stormwater real time control measures (RTC). In our study, a new concept of a smart in-line storage system is developed and evaluated on the background of traditional in-line and off-line detention solutions. The system is operated by real time controlled actuators with an ability to predict rainfall dynamics. This solution does not need an advanced and expensive centralised control system; it is easy to implement and install. The concept has been successfully tested in a 12.5 ha urban development area in Tallinn, the Estonian capital. Our analysis results show a significant potential and economic feasibility in the reduction of peak flow from dense urban areas with limited free construction space.

Linkages between catchment characteristics and river water chemistry at the locality scale in the Ikpoba River, Southern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-55
Author(s):  
D.A. Edokpa ◽  
J.O. Obieroma
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
River Water Chemistry ◽  
Catchment Characteristics ◽  
Southern Nigeria ◽  
Protection Strategies

This study explored the linkages between catchment characteristics (topography, land cover, soil and geology), average water chemistry (pH, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, orthophosphate, iron, zinc and lead) and rainfall in the Ikpoba River catchment, southern Nigeria, using statistical and locality-based GIS analyses. The results show that sites with high rainfall and percentage cover of arable and sand-gravel-clay lithologies were characterized by high acidity. There were strong links between average nutrient (𝑃𝑂43−-P, 𝑁𝐻4+-N and 𝑁𝑂3−-N) concentrations and diffuse agricultural sources in the catchment. Rainfall was strongly related to 𝑆𝑂42−, 𝑃𝑂43−-P and 𝑁𝐻4+-N suggesting that atmospheric deposition may influence their riverine concentrations. Results also suggest that decomposition of organic matter from forest stands was a significant driver of nutrient concentrations. Although metals (Fe2+ and Zn2+) were positively related to bedrock geology of sand-gravel-clay, there was no clear link between Pb2+ and the catchment characteristics investigated. Wetlands was found to be attenuating river water chemistry especially 𝑆𝑂42−, 𝑃𝑂43−-P and 𝑁𝐻4+-N concentrations. To underpin current environmental protection strategies, there is need to integrate a GIS-based analysis approach with monitoring data to fully identify the variability patterns in river water chemistry dynamics at local and multiple scales of water resource management in Nigeria. Key words: river catchment, water quality, metals, nutrients, GIS.

scholarly journals Developing a Reliability Index of Low Impact Development for Urban Areas

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2961
Author(s):  
Yang Ho Song ◽  
Jung Ho Lee ◽  
Eui Hoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Reliability Evaluation ◽  
Nonpoint Source ◽  
Evaluation Technique ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Primary Reference ◽  
Urban Catchments

A defining characteristic of the urbanization is the transformation of existing pervious areas into impervious areas during development. This leads to numerous hydrologic and environmental problems such as an increase in surface runoff due to excess rainfall, flooding, the deterioration of water quality, and an increase in nonpoint source pollution. Several studies propose supplementary measures on environmental change problems in development areas using the low impact development technique. This study investigated the reduction of nonpoint source pollutant loads and flooding in catchments through urban catchment rainfall–runoff management. For the quantitative assessment of flood disasters and water pollution problems, we propose a reliability evaluation technique. This technique refers to a series of analysis methods that determine the disaster prevention performance of the existing systems. As the two factors involve physical quantities of different dimensions, a reliability evaluation technique was developed using the distance measure method. Using the storm water management model, multiple scenarios based on synthetic rainfall in the catchment of the Daerim 2 rainwater pumping station in Seoul, South Korea, were examined. Our results indicate the need for efficient management of natural disaster risks that may occur in urban catchments. Moreover, this study can be used as a primary reference for setting a significant reduction target and facilitating accurate decision making concerning urban drainage system management.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Global Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Products for Regional Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Zhixiang Lu ◽  
Yongping Wei
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Australian Water ◽  
Catchment Characteristics ◽  
Data Products ◽  
High Consistency ◽  
Global Precipitation

Precipitation (P) and evapotranspiration (ET) are the key factors determining water availability for water resource management activities in river basins. While global P and ET data products have become more accessible, their performances in river basins with a diverse climate and landscape remain less discussed. This paper evaluated the performance of four representative global P (CHIRPSP, GLDASP, TRMMP and PersiannP) and ET products (CSIROET, GLDASET, MODET and TerraClimateET) against the reference data provided by the Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP) in the Murray Darling Basin (MDB) of Australia. The disparities among the data products both in the period from 2001 to 2016 and across the 22 catchments of MDB were related to a set of catchment characteristics (climate, terrain, etc.) to explore any possible contributors. The results show that the four global P products presented overall high consistency with AWAPP across the MDB catchments except in southeastern catchments with abundant rainfalls and large terrain variations. The Penman–Monteith algorithm based MODET underestimated ET in the MDB, especially in the arid, less vegetation covered catchments. While the CSIROET, which also estimated with the Penman–Monteith method, presented overall better estimations, which can be attributed to the better parameterization of the landscape in the simulation processes. The hydrological model based TerraClimateET showed overall good consistency with AWAPET except in the arid catchments, which might be attributed to the simplified water balance model it applied, however it did not adequately reflect the intensive ground water uses in these catchments. The findings indicated that basin and catchment characteristics had impacts on the accuracy of global products and therefore provided important implications for choosing appropriate product and/or conducting field calibrations for potential users in large basins characterized with diverse rainfall, terrain variations and land use patterns.

scholarly journals Climate or land cover variations: what is driving observed changes in river peak flows? A data-based attribution study

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 871-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan De Niel ◽  
Patrick Willems
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
Climate Variations ◽  
Peak Flows ◽  
Catchment Characteristics ◽  
Flows Over Time

Abstract. Climate change and land cover changes are influencing the hydrological regime of rivers worldwide. In Flanders (Belgium), the intensification of the hydrological cycle caused by climate change is projected to cause more flooding in winters, and land use and land cover changes could amplify these effects by, for example, making runoff on paved surfaces faster. The relative importance of both drivers, however, is still uncertain, and interaction effects between both drivers are not yet well understood. In order to better understand the hydrological impact of climate variations and land cover changes, including their interaction effects, we fitted a statistical model for historical data over 3 decades for 29 catchments in Flanders. The model is able to explain 60 % of the changes in river peak flows over time. It was found that catchment characteristics explain up to 18 % of changes in river peak flows, 6 % of changes in climate variability and 8 % of land cover changes. Steep catchments and catchments with a high proportion of loamic soils are subject to higher peak flows, and an increase in urban area of 1 % might cause increases in river peak flows up to 5 %. Interactions between catchment characteristics, climate variations and land cover changes explain up to 32 % of the peak-flow changes, where flat catchments with a low loamic soil content are more sensitive to land cover changes with respect to peak-flow anomalies. This shows the importance of including such interaction terms in data-based attribution studies.

scholarly journals ESTIMATING CONTRIBUTION OF WATER FLOW COMPONENTS TO KAMENG RIVER BASIN USING HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING

2021 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B3-2021 ◽  
pp. 431-436
Author(s):  
S. Arora ◽  
A. V. Kulkarni ◽  
P. Ghosh ◽  
S. K. Satheesh
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Resilient Infrastructure ◽  
Discharge Profile

Abstract. The Himalayas, also known as third pole of the Earth feed some of the major rivers of the world viz. Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra etc. The accurate assessment of water resources in eastern Himalayas is very important for respective policy makers. The detailed assessment of water resources and hydrological cycle component are very critical for attaining United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs) such as affordable and clean energy, clean water and sanitation and building resilient infrastructure This study focuses on Kameng river basin, estimating the melt water & its contribution to the total discharge of the river. A 3-layer VIC model coupled with energy balance algorithm is used to estimate the patterns of melt and discharge profile in the region. Net contribution of melt water to the river were estimated to be about 18% during peak melt season in upper catchments. With advancement in technology, acquiring meteorological data via remote sensing has become more accurate & of high resolution. This data is one of the major inputs of the model. With accurate forecasting of these parameters, multipurpose hydropower projects in these regions can plan well in advance thus playing a major role in Integrated Water Resource Management. In current study the coefficient of determination & Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency were calculated to be 0.82 & 0.71 respectively. With increasing population in the region, any substantial change in the streamflow will have consequences unknown as of now, thus making this study a necessity & need of hour.

scholarly journals Assessment of Spatiotemporal Variability and Trend Analysis of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration for the southern region of Peninsular India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayashree Tenkila Ramachandra ◽  
Subba Reddy Nandanavana Veerappa ◽  
Dinesh Acharya Udupi
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Peninsular India ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Statistical Measures

Abstract Accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is an essential requirement for water resource management and scheduling agricultural activities. Several empirical methods have been employed in estimating ET0 across diverse climate regimes over the past decades. The Python implementation for estimation of daily and monthly ET0 values of representative stations of ten agro-climatic zones of Karnataka from 1979 through 2014 using the standard FAO Penman-Monteith method was carried out. The assessment of temporal and spatial variability of monthly ET0 values across the various agro-climatic zones done by the various statistical measures revealed that the variation in spatial ET0 values was higher than temporal indicating major differentiation of ET0 values was with respect to the stations rather than years under study. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test conducted at 1% significance level on the annual ET0 values revealed that statistically significant increasing trend was observed for all the ten stations during the study period. The trend test conducted on the climate variables like mean air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and solar radiation signify their influence the annual ET0 values. The magnitude changes in the trends detected by the Theil Sen’s slope indicated that increasing values of mean temperature, solar radiation and decreasing values of relative humidity predominantly contributed to the annual upward trend in ET0 values for the 10 stations. A trivial impact of wind speed on annual ET0 values was observed for the stations. Kalburgi and Udupi stations exhibited positive ET0 trend with the highest and lowest annual values among ten stations.

scholarly journals Driving urban-rural migration through investment in water resource management in subsistence farming: the case of Machibini

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olayemi Bakre ◽  
Nirmala Dorasamy
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural Migration ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Urban Rural

The once thriving subsistence farming community of Machibini is currently defunct due to water shortages, inadequacy of governmental support and better livelihood in urban communities. This community alongside its neighbouring communities is characterized by poverty. A variety of strategies and initiatives has been initiated to address the cyclical poverty amongst these communities. This paucity has driven the youths to urban centres as a means of securing a better livelihood. More so, the constant ebb of mass rural-urban migration has created voluminous challenges. As an agendum to creating a viable farming community in Machibini and “instigating an urban-rural migration”, the paper recommends the reallocation of the surplus budgets of this community to the investment of water resource management as a strategy of transforming the subsistence into commercial farming, thereby creating employment opportunities for the unemployed rural, as well as urban dwellers, while reducing poverty to a reasonable extent.

scholarly journals Climate or land cover variations: what is driving observed changes in river peak flows? A data-based attribution study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan De Niel ◽  
Patrick Willems
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
Peak Flows ◽  
Catchment Characteristics ◽  
Interaction Terms

Abstract. Climate change and land cover changes are influencing the hydrological regime of our rivers. The intensification of the hydrological cycle caused by climate change is projected to cause more flooding in winters and an increased urbanization could amplify these effects by a quicker runoff on paved surfaces. The relative importance of both drivers, however, is still uncertain and interaction effects between both drivers are not yet well understood. In order to better understand the hydrological impact of climate variability and land cover changes, including their interaction effects, we fitted a statistical model to historical data over 3 decades for 29 catchments in Flanders, covering various catchment characteristics. It was found that the catchment characteristics explain up to 18 % of changes in river peak flows, climate variability 6 % and land cover changes 8 %. Interaction terms explain up to 32 %. An increase in urban area of +1 % might cause increases in river peak flows up to +5 %.

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