scholarly journals Professional ethics of recommendations: implications for COVID-19 vaccination of women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
F. A. Chervenak ◽  
L. B. McCullough ◽  
A. Grunebaum
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Professional Ethics ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynecology ◽  
Specific Topic ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
National Governments

There has been changing guidance from national and international professional associations, national and international non-governmental organizations, and health officials in national governments for obstetrician-gynecologists about COVID-19 vaccination of pregnant women and women who are planning to become pregnant. in this paper, we provide an ethical framework that provides the needed guidance to decision making about recommending COVID-19 vaccination to these patients. the unique feature of this ethical framework is that it is based on professional ethics in obstetrics and gynecology. We begin with an account of three key components of professional ethics in obstetrics and gynecology and how they are pertinent to the ethics of making recommendations that should be understood in obstetric and gynecologic practice generally. We then identify the implications of this overview for the specific topic of the ethics of recommending COVID-19 vaccination.

scholarly journals Nevyriausybinių organizacijų ir savivaldybių sąveika Lietuvoje: teoriniai sprendimų priėmimo ir įgyvendinimo proceso aspektai

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Aušra Šilinskytė
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Implementation Processes ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations

The paper is focused on the discussion about the role of non-governmental organizations during the decision-making process in local governance and what factors influence it. To achieve this, the following steps have been made: first, the concept of non-governmental organizations and their relationship with civil society was analyzed, then possible variations of relationship between non-governmental organizations and their impact to the public sector was described. In the last part of the paper, the stages of the decision–making and implementation process in the municipality were analyzed and theoretical aspects of enabling NGOs were discussed. The analyses showed that the decision-making and implementation processes depend on the understanding of the need to cooperate, the ability of both subjects to work together, their relationship with citizens and other interest groups.

scholarly journals The actor's point of view in terms of governance tendency to the health tourism: The case of AntalyaYönetişim eğilimleri çerçevesinde sağlık turizmine aktörlerin bakış açısı: Antalya örneği

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 2885
Author(s):  
Zişan Korkmaz Özcan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Health Tourism ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations

Governence which means that governing structures act in unision instead of acting seperately is also very significant in the field of health. In this regard, governence approach aims at accomplishing the sense of simultaneous governing corresponding with creating policies and decision-making process by ensuring the participation not only the state but also citizens,private sector and non-governmental organizations (NGOS)  as important factors of change.This study aims at assessing whether deficiency in relation with the health tourism in Turkey relates to the governence or not. For that purpose, Antalya that is one of the most important provinces of Turkish tourism has been chosen as a range of application and magnitude of governence of Antalya in the field of health has been tried to be measured by carrying out survey study consisted of public-private institutions and organizations, and the authorities of non-governmental organizations with the over 106 people.According to the results of the suvey, there is a lack of governence in the field of health tourism in Antalya, and this endangers the potential of health tourism. So, being collaborated an advertisement, information and application activity in harmony on the health tourism, and being established public politicy are an important acqusition for both the country and Antalya in terms of economic, political, social and cultural. ÖzetYönetim yapılarının tek başlarına hareket etmeleri yerine, birlikte hareket etmeleri anlamına gelen yönetişim, sağlık turizmi alanında da önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu bağlamda yönetişim yaklaşımı, politika oluşturma ve karar verme süreçlerine değişimin önemli aktörleri olarak sadece devletin değil; yurttaşların, özel sektör ve Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları (STK)'nın da katılımını sağlayarak birlikte yönetim anlayışını hayata ge­çirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'nin sağlık turizminde eksikliğinin yönetişim olup olmadığını belirleyebilmektir. Bu amaçla, Türk turizminin en önemli illerinden biri olan Antalya, uygulama bölgesi olarak seçilmiş ve kamu-özel sektör kurum ve kuruluşları ile STK'nın yetkili kişilerinden oluşan 106 kişi üzerinde yüzyüze yapılan anket çalışması yöntemiyle Antalya bölgesinin sağlık turizmi alanında yönetişim boyutu ölçülmeye çalışılmıştır. Anket çalışmasının sonuçlarına göre, Antalya’da sağlık turizmi alanında yönetişim eksikliği vardır ve bu eksiklik sağlık turizmi potansiyelini tehdit eder sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu bağlamda sağlık turizmi alanında yapılacak olan tanıtım, bilgilendirme ve uygulama faaliyetlerinin işbirliği içerisinde yapılması, kamu politikalarının da bu çerçevede oluşturulması hem ülkemiz, hem de Antalya ili açısından ekonomik, siyasal, sosyal ve kültürel anlamda önemli bir kazanç olacaktır.

scholarly journals Gender Research in Iraq: Facts and Expectations

1970 ◽  
pp. 85-112
Author(s):  
Samira Aghacy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Gender Research ◽  
Political Reforms ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Post War ◽  
Back Stage

After being pushed to the back stage during fifteen years of civil war, a sharp resurgence of interest in enhancing the participation of Lebanese women in politics was witnessed in the early 1990s. This was reflected in the mushrooming of women’s non-governmental organizations that had this goal on their agenda. The constitutional and political reforms that brought the war to a halt, and the accompanying promise of democratization, raised women’s hopes that their pre-war exclusion from power and decision-making positions would come to an end. However, the results of the first post-war parliamentary elections held in 1992 did not meet women’s expectations, either qualitatively or quantitatively. This, coupled with their continued exclusion from post-war governments, intensified pre-war frustration.

scholarly journals Community-Level Resource Development and Management, Part 2: A Transferable Approach to Feasibility Analysis for Biogas as an Alternative Cooking Fuel

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan McWalter Richardson ◽  
Kendra V. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Feasibility Analysis ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Cooking Fuel ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Development And Management

Energy access for all is the seventh Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) put forth by the United Nations in 2015. This initiative has been taken on by many non-governmental organizations (NGOs), national governments and communities alike. Traditional approaches to cooking often rely on three-stone fires (or other open wood fires). The smoke from these open cooking fires is known to cause significant negative health impacts, thus access to cleaner energy sources is especially important for to improve cooking conditions. One alternative cooking fuel is biogas, which has the advantages of smoke reduction, and decreased reliance on and impact of firewood collection. In this article, we develop a method of analyzing the feasibility of biogas projects for rural communities. The method enables both evaluation of an ideal digester design for specific environments and determination of the scale, cost, and yields of a biogas plant. For example, in a cooking application 1-m3 of biogas can be compared to 1.3 kg of firewood or approximately 10 minutes not spent collecting firewood. Such evaluation is critical to help communities and organizations determine whether or not this type of project is ideal for their environments. All too often, development project concepts are funded prematurely, before the realization that the implemented technology does not function properly or is unsustainable for specific applications. The feasibility analysis we describe is a contribution to the literature because it provides a condensed, simplified resource that enables development practitioners and communities to readily evaluate whether or not a biogas energy solution is appropriate and sustainable for their setting prior to investing valuable resources and time into implementation. 

scholarly journals Making Decisions, Not Bricks: Collaborative Decision Making in Community-Led Development Projects

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Chad McCordic ◽  
Renee Pardello ◽  
Jennifer Artibello ◽  
Jill LaLonde
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Community Building ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Past Injustices ◽  
Collaborative Decision

  Community Led Development (CLD) and Community Driven Development (CDD) have become mainstream development practices, thanks to policy recommendations from the World Bank and bold projects from many innovative non-governmental organizations (NGOs) operating in the global south. These programs seek to improve and leverage social capital to improve wellbeing. However, without collaborative and inclusive decision making with community members during designing, planning, and implementing, these projects become less effective and sustainable, and risk perpetuating past injustices that traditional aid models became known for. OneVillage Partners’ approach to CLD focuses on capacity building by inviting community members to actively lead all aspects of a project’s lifecycle. The project is owned by community members, resulting in engaged collaboration across the community, building on local strengths.    

scholarly journals After the Foxconn Suicides in China: A Roundtable on Labor, the State and Civil Society in Global Electronics

2021 ◽  
pp. 089692052110134
Author(s):  
Jenny Chan ◽  
Greg Distelhorst ◽  
Dimitri Kessler ◽  
Joonkoo Lee ◽  
Olga Martin-Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Consumer Electronics ◽  
Labor Rights ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Chinese Workers ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Relationship

We seek to tackle myriad problems of a global production system in which China is the world’s largest producer and exporter of consumer electronics products. Dying for an iPhone simultaneously addresses the challenges facing Chinese workers while locating them within the global economy through an assessment of the relationship between Foxconn (the largest electronics manufacturer) and Apple (one of the richest corporations). Eight researchers from Asia, Europe and North America discuss two main questions: How do tech behemoths and the Chinese state shape labor relations in transnational manufacturing? What roles can workers, public sector buyers, non-governmental organizations and consumers play in holding multinational corporations and states accountable for human rights violations and assuring the protection of worker interests? We also reflect on the possibility that national governments, the electronics industry and civil society groups can collaborate to contribute to improved labor rights in China and the world.

scholarly journals Conflitos de Agência e Assimetria de Informações Contábeis: Entre a Tomada de Decisão e a Gestão Corporativa

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Kathleen Xavier de Almeida ◽  
Ruan Carlos dos Santos ◽  
Maria do Socorro Silva Mesquita ◽  
Rosimery Alves de Almeida de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Accounting Systems ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Management Decision Making ◽  
Research Findings

Objective - The registration and disclosure of the company's accounting information, attributed to the accounting professional, is of utmost importance for the decision making process for the company-manager. This theoretical essay presents and discusses the main contributions of the theory on management decision making between the company and the accounting process.Methodology - In methodological terms, this study is defined as a theoretical essay, in the sense that it seeks, through the existing literature, an understanding of the issue of Corporate Governance in Non-Governmental Organizations. This study can be classified as a theoretical-conceptual bibliographic research. The study will search the existing literature of the theme, with the purpose of elaborating a theoretical reference on Agency Theory, Accounting and Corporate Governance.Results - As a contribution to the discussion, this work was developed from extensive bibliographic research in Brazilian and international journals and events, contemplating foundations related to the reality of Accounting and organizations. Although few researches address the association of these theories with accounting practice, especially regarding the production of accounting information for external users, the research findings expose the close relationship between the two fields of knowledge. Contributions - Among the main contributions of decision theories to accounting science, knowledge about human behavior that can be used in behavioral accounting, the need for subsidies for accountants to make more rational decisions and, especially, the possibility of improving accounting systems, aiming at better treatment of information for the decision-making process, stand out.

GRY WOJENNE JAKO NARZĘDZIE KSZTAŁTOWANIA BEZPIECZEŃSTWA PAŃSTWA. ANALIZA GIER WOJENNYCH I I II GENERACJI

2021 ◽  
Vol XV - Wydanie specjalne ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Paweł Podgórny ◽  
Zbigniew Świątnicki
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Institutional Dimension ◽  
Scientific Achievements

Wargames go back to the beginnings of human civilization and continuously accompany its development, shaping the course of history for over three thousand years. Organized and conducted in various forms, they influenced and created interstate and international relations in the diplomatic and military, economic and social dimensions. Countries, wanting to secure their vital interests and striving to preserve or expand their spheres of influence, used and still use wargames in their decision-making processes. Wargames, initially taking the form of simple board games, thanks to research and scientific achievements (including initially the development of print, maps, game theory, computer technology etc.), have today taken the form of professional tools allowing for the optimization of the use of the most often limited resources in the decision-making process, both in the institutional dimension (governmental and non-governmental organizations) and emotional (in social and interpersonal relations). As the course and support of decision-making processes plays an extremely important role in the security sciences, experience and historical analysis show that wargames have been and are also an essential tool for shaping the state's security.

scholarly journals Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208
Author(s):  
Laura Jankauskaite-Jureviciene ◽  
◽  
Aušra Mlinkauskienė ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
City Planning ◽  
City Community ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Participation In Decision Making

Participation in decision-making processes forshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents, but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.

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