scholarly journals Controversies in Sepsis Management—What is the Way Forward?

2020 ◽  
pp. 661-668
Author(s):  
Alvin HY Lo ◽  
Adrian CL Kee ◽  
Andrew Li ◽  
Francesca Rubulotta
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Surviving Sepsis Campaign ◽  
Sepsis Management ◽  
Sepsis Bundles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Key Words Critical Care ◽  
Life Threatening

Sepsis is life-threatening and might potentially progress from dysregulation to severe organ dysfunction. It is recognised by the World Health Organisation as a global health priority. The mortality rate for sepsis has decreased in many countries, and this is credited to the earlier recognition and treatment of this complex syndrome. In 2002, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign was launched, and there have been several revisions to the sepsis recommendations therefrom. The latest sepsis guidelines focus on viral as well as bacterial infections, and advise that initiating resuscitation and management should take place within one hour from when sepsis is initially suspected. Numerous studies and guidelines pertaining to sepsis management have been published over the past 2 decades. The use of novel therapies and alternative adjunctive therapies has tremendous potential in sepsis management. Debates amongst intensivists exist with the creation of updated sepsis guidelines and advances in treatment. The present review article provides both a summary and recommendations based on the latest clinical evidence and controversies around sepsis management. Key words: Critical Care Medicine, Intensive Care Medicine, Respiratory Medicine, Sepsis, Sepsis Bundles, Sepsis Management

Controversies in Sepsis Management—What is the Way Forward?

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 661-668
Author(s):  
Alvin HY Lo ◽  
Adrian CL Kee ◽  
Andrew Li ◽  
Francesca Rubulotta
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Surviving Sepsis Campaign ◽  
Sepsis Management ◽  
Sepsis Bundles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Key Words Critical Care ◽  
Life Threatening

Sepsis is life-threatening and might potentially progress from dysregulation to severe organ dysfunction. It is recognised by the World Health Organisation as a global health priority. The mortality rate for sepsis has decreased in many countries, and this is credited to the earlier recognition and treatment of this complex syndrome. In 2002, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign was launched, and there have been several revisions to the sepsis recommendations therefrom. The latest sepsis guidelines focus on viral as well as bacterial infections, and advise that initiating resuscitation and management should take place within one hour from when sepsis is initially suspected. Numerous studies and guidelines pertaining to sepsis management have been published over the past 2 decades. The use of novel therapies and alternative adjunctive therapies has tremendous potential in sepsis management. Debates amongst intensivists exist with the creation of updated sepsis guidelines and advances in treatment. The present review article provides both a summary and recommendations based on the latest clinical evidence and controversies around sepsis management. Key words: Critical Care Medicine, Intensive Care Medicine, Respiratory Medicine, Sepsis, Sepsis Bundles, Sepsis Management

scholarly journals BK Virus in Cancer Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-68
Author(s):  
Justyna Pasternak ◽  
Ewa Kliszczewska ◽  
Malgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
Keyword(s):  
Renal Transplant Patient ◽  
Transplant Patient ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Bk Virus ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Virus Reactivation ◽  
Bk Polyomavirus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Life Threatening

Abstract Polyomavirus (PyV) was discovered by accident in 1950 in the course of describing an infectious factor causing multiple tumours in rodents. The term is derived from two Greek words: poly (many) and oma (tumour). At present the family of human polyomaviruses (HPyV) consists of 10 members. One of the first members was BK virus, isolated in 1971 from the urine of a renal transplant patient. Serological examinations have shown that due to its ability to cause latent infection, about 90% of the general population can have specific antibodies attesting infection. In the case of infected persons with normal immunity, this virus is not dangerous. In the impaired immunity, however, loss of immunity results in virus reactivation and development of many life-threatening illnesses. Serological examinations have also reveal that BK polyomavirus considerably affects the development of cancers in humans. Hence, in 2012 a group of 26 researchers from 11 countries associated with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (a part of the World Health Organisation) classified BK polyomavirus within group 2B - “potentially carcinogenic to humans”

scholarly journals SARS: current overview, aetiology and epidemiology

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
Semra Čavaljuga ◽  
Michael Faulde ◽  
Jerrold J. Scharninghausen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
World Health ◽  
New Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Authorities

At this moment, public health authorities, physicians and scientists around the world are struggling to cope with a severe and rapidly spreading new disease in humans called severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS. According to World Health Organisation (WHO) this appears to be the first severe and easily transmissible new disease to emerge in the 21st century. Though much about the disease remains poorly understood, including the details of the causative virus, we do know that it has features that allow it to spread rapidly along international air travel routes. As of 10 May 2003, a cumulative 7296 probable SARS cases with 526 deaths have been reported from 30 countries on three continents (WHO, ProMED). In the past week, more than 1000 new probable cases and 96 deaths were reported globally. This represents an increase of 119 new cases and 8 new deaths compared with 9 May 2003 (China (85), Taiwan (23), and Hong Kong (7) represented the overwhelming majority, with one additional case each reported from France, Malaysia, Singapore, and the United States). Only in China, as of 10 May 2003 (WHO) total of 4884 with 235 deaths have been reported. Some outbreaks have reassuring features.

scholarly journals The antimicrobial activity of silver acetate against Acinetobacter baumannii in a Galleria mellonella infection model

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11196
Author(s):  
Eden Mannix-Fisher ◽  
Samantha McLean
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Silver Acetate ◽  
Selective Toxicity ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant

Background The increasing prevalence of bacterial infections that are resistant to antibiotic treatment has caused the scientific and medical communities to look for alternate remedies aimed at prevention and treatment. In addition to researching novel antimicrobials, there has also been much interest in revisiting some of the earliest therapies used by man. One such antimicrobial is silver; its use stretches back to the ancient Greeks but interest in its medicinal properties has increased in recent years due to the rise in antibiotic resistance. Currently antimicrobial silver is found in everything from lunch boxes to medical device implants. Though much is claimed about the antimicrobial efficacy of silver salts the research in this area is mixed. Methods Herein we investigated the efficacy of silver acetate against a carbapenem resistant strain of Acinetobacter baumannii to determine the in vitro activity of this silver salt against a World Health Organisation designated category I critical pathogen. Furthermore, we use the Galleria mellonella larvae model to assess toxicity of the compound and its efficacy in treating infections in a live host. Results We found that silver acetate can be delivered safely to Galleria at medically relevant and antimicrobial levels without detriment to the larvae and that administration of silver acetate to an infection model significantly improved survival. This demonstrates the selective toxicity of silver acetate for bacterial pathogens but also highlights the need for administration of well-defined doses of the antimicrobial to provide an efficacious treatment.

scholarly journals A Silver Hope in the Dreadful Pandemic: Shift towards a Healthier Lifestyle, Hygiene and Cleanliness

2021 ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
Rishabh Dhabalia
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Past ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Small Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Reign Of Terror ◽  
Positive Side Effects

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread its terror globally for over a year now. There is no continent that has been spared by this scourge. And perhaps a few small countries with no reported cases. Regardless, it is an irrefutable fact that this novel coronavirus pandemic has shaken the pillars of human civilization. For those unaware or living under a rock since the past year or so, the disease is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The first cases were reported to the World Health Organisation as a cluster of pneumonia from unknown causes from Wuhan, China on the 31st December, 2019. And, thus began its reign of terror, spreading across the world, like hot cakes sold out in a carnival. That being said, humanity has suffered a lot at the hands of the pandemic. Innumerous deaths, sufferings, unending lockdowns and curfews, social problems, people losing their livelihoods and the list goes on. It is, thus, easy to give in to the mood of gloom and doom with all that is going on around us. However, just as with anything, there is a side too, that is scarcely talked about. There have also been some positive impacts of this pandemic that one couldn’t have foreseen beforehand. So, without further ado, below we have covered a few positive side effects of this curse of a pandemic!

scholarly journals A safety checklist for transoesophageal echocardiography from the British Society of Echocardiography and the Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthetists

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. G25-G27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishal Sharma ◽  
Susan Alderton ◽  
Helen McNamara ◽  
Richard Steeds ◽  
Will Bradlow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Transoesophageal Echocardiography ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
British Society ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Surgical Safety Checklist ◽  
Surgical Safety ◽  
National Patient ◽  
Life Threatening

The World Health Organisation (WHO) launched the Surgical Safety Checklist in 2008. The introduction of this checklist resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of complications and death in patients undergoing surgery. Consequently, the WHO Surgical Safety checklist is recommended for use by the National Patient Safety Agency for all patients undergoing surgery. However, many invasive or interventional procedures occur outside the theatre setting and there are increasing requirements for a safety checklist to be used prior to such procedures. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) is an invasive procedure and although generally considered to be safe, it carries the risk of serious and potentially life-threatening complications. Strict adherence to a safety checklist may reduce the rate of significant complications during TOE. However, the standard WHO Surgical Safety Checklist is not designed for procedures outside the theatre environment and therefore this document is designed to be a procedure-specific safety checklist for TOE. It has been endorsed for use by the British Society of Echocardiography and the Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthetists.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance. Scale and Relevance of Studies of the Antibiotic-Resistant Isolates Circulation among Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-207
Author(s):  
I. I. Fohel ◽  
◽  
M. V. Kryvtsova ◽  
Y. Y. Bugir
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Rapid Acquisition ◽  
The World ◽  
Life Threatening

Over the last decade, the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms has become a global problem for modern medicine around the world. Bacteria quickly acquire genes of resistance to the action of the antibiotics. Bacterial infections that used to be easy to treat, now, in some cases, can even be life-threatening. Resistant microorganisms pose a danger not only among the adult population but also among the pediatric population. According to the World Health Organization, up to 200,000 newborns die each year from infections caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Premature babies are at particular risk because their immune systems are still underdeveloped. The use of antibiotics in children should be reasonably approached, as recent studies have shown an increase of the spread of bacteria with resistance genes. Infections caused by resistant microorganisms are more difficult to treat and require special methods and approaches, especially for children, where the choice of antibiotics is already limited. The purpose of the study is to analyze the literature for the current state of the problem of antibiotic resistance, prospects for future development, relevance in pediatric practice. Materials and methods. The research materials are publications of national and foreign authors. Analytical methods were used as main research methods. This article considers the problem of antibiotic resistance, general mechanisms of its formation, research data on the prevalence of circulation of resistant strains in the pediatric population and their role in the initiation of resistant bacterial infections. Conclusion. It is concluded that bacteria insensitive to antibiotics are quite common among the pediatric population and in some cases are life-threatening. This phenomenon requires constant monitoring in order to detect and correctly treat persistent bacterial infections. There are many strains resistant to first- and second-generation antibiotics circulating in children. In some cases, the treatment of certain conditions in pediatrics may lead to the use of reserve antibiotics. Systemic coordinated work around the world and an individual approach in determining the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics in each case can prevent the rapid acquisition of resistance genes by bacteria. It is also necessary to spread information about the threat of antibiotic resistance in order to raise public awareness and counteract the empirical use of antibiotics at home without a prescription. There is also an urgent need to invent new chemical compounds with bactericidal properties as soon as possible

scholarly journals A Review of Scabies: An Infestation More than Skin Deep

Dermatology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 235 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Chandler ◽  
Lucinda C. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Residential Home ◽  
The Past ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Variable Impact

Human scabies, a common infestation, has a worldwide distribution with a variable impact and presentation depending on the clinical situation. In developed, high-income settings, health institution and residential home outbreaks challenge health and social care services. In resource-poor settings, it is the downstream sequelae of staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteraemia, induced by scratching, which have a significant impact on the long-term health of communities. Over the past decade scabies has been recognised as a “neglected tropical disease” (NTD) by the World Health Organisation, has an accepted practical system of global diagnostic criteria and is being adopted into integrated programmes of mass drug administration for NTDs in field settings. This review seeks to summarise the recent advances in the understanding of scabies and highlight the advocacy and research headlines with their implication for diagnosis and management of outbreaks and individuals. In addition, it will indicate the priorities and questions that remain.

The Legal Framework for the Fight against Female Circumcision: From Cultural Indulgence to Human Rights Violations. The French Example

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-157
Author(s):  
Catherine Le Bris
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Female Circumcision ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
World Health ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Right

Abstract The harmful consequences of female circumcision for women’s health have been demonstrated and are regularly recalled by the World Health Organisation. Whereas in the past, the cultural dimension of the practice was emphasised, which result in impunity or absence of guilt, it is now considered by the United Nations as a violation of human rights, especially of the right to health. In 2012, the General Assembly asked States for a total ban on the practice. Despite the consensus on the punishability of female circumcision, its enforcement diverges, in particular in Western Europe. France is considered as a model in this area, that’s why this study focuses on it. Yet, under French law, there is no special legislation criminalising the practice: female circumcision is punishable on grounds of mutilation. However, the French success is not complete: the prevention of such acts could be improved.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of Cryptococcosis and Prevention of Cryptococcal Meningitis Using a Novel Point-of-Care Lateral Flow Assay

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashar Dhana
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcal Meningitis ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
First Case ◽  
Lateral Flow Dipstick ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Sub Saharan

Despite access to antiretroviral therapy, mortality from cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is high among persons with advanced HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) is present several weeks to months before the onset of symptoms of meningitis and can be screened to prevent life threatening meningitis. Recently, the World Health Organisation recommended that a new rapid CrAg lateral flow ‘‘dipstick’’ assay (LFA) is to be used to screen HIV-infected persons with CD4 counts of less than 100 cells/µL. In this paper, we describe two cases of cryptococcosis with differing outcomes. In the first case, the new CrAg LFA was used as part of a screen and preemptive treatment strategy to prevent CM. In the second case, our patient had no access to the CrAg LFA and subsequently developed life threatening meningitis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of cryptococcosis diagnosed using this novel assay.

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