scholarly journals The Number of Infants with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) added Each Day in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-235
Author(s):  
Umesh Kapil
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Universal Immunization Program ◽  
Hbv Vaccination ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv ◽  
To Receive

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major global public health problems.HBV infection is the 10th leading cause of death.(1) In India, HBsAg prevalence,(an indicator of chronic HBV infection) among general population ranges from 2% to 8%.(2) HBV vaccination has been integrated in the Universal Immunization Program (UIP) for last 10 years. All new borns are expected to receive HBV vaccination at 0 day and subsequently at 6, 10 and 14 weeks. Majority of women do not know they are HBV infected. Often they do not have no symptoms. When a pregnant woman has hepatitis B, it can spread to her baby at birth. This can happen during a vaginal delivery or a c-section. Babies and young children can also get hepatitis B from close contact with family members or others who might be infected. When babies become infected with hepatitis B, they have about a 90% chance of developing a lifelong, chronic infection.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus in Taiwan 30 years after the commencement of the national vaccination program

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang-Cheng Hu ◽  
Chih-Ching Yeh ◽  
Ruey-Yu Chen ◽  
Chien-Tien Su ◽  
Wen-Chang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Core Antigen ◽  
Hbsag Positivity ◽  
Hbv Vaccination ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv

BackgroundIn this study, the long-term efficacy of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination was assessed using seroprevalence and an age–period–cohort (APC) model of HBV seromarkers among university entrants 30 years after the introduction of the national neonatal HBV vaccination program in Taiwan.MethodsIn total, data of 17,611 university entrants who underwent university entrance health examinations between 2005 and 2016 were included. The seroprevalence of the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and the levels of the antibody against the HBV surface antigen (anti-HBs) in each year group and sex were calculated. The levels of the antibody against the HBV core antigen were examined only for 2012 and 2016. The APC model was used to analyze the HBV carrier rates.ResultsThe chronic HBV infection (HBsAg positivity) rate decreased from 9.7% in university students born before June 1974 to <1.0% in students born after 1992. The prevalence of anti-HBs positivity declined, particularly between the 1984–1988 cohort (78.2%–53.2%) and the 1990–1994 cohort (60.6%–44.4%). Our APC model revealed that the chronic HBV carrier rate among the student population was affected significantly by age, period, and cohort (P < 0.001).ConclusionsHBV vaccination is one of the most effective strategies for preventing HBV infection. However, for complete eradication of HBV infection, the development of strategies that detect vaccination failure more effectively than current strategies do and early implementation of appropriate treatments are both necessary.

Immunologic Response to Hepatitis B Virus Vaccination among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Thai Adults without Hepatitis B Virus Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 1828-1835
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Hbv Vaccine ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Hbv Vaccination ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Background: It is currently recommended that hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine be provided for every HIV-infected patient with no HBV immunity. HBV immunization program for HIV-infected patients was suggested to be given in three doses of vaccine at zero, one and six months. HBV vaccine has been included in the Thai immunization program for newborns for three doses, at birth, M2, and M6. Hence, one dose of vaccination might respond in complete protective immunity in some of the HIV patients. Objective: To evaluate HIV-infected patients’ response to one dose of vaccine and their associated factors. Materials and Methods: The present study was a Retrospective Cohort Study. It recruited patients who had come to Queen Savang Vadhana Memorial Hospital for their hepatitis B vaccination between January 1, 2018 and March 31, 2020. Eligible patients were infected with HIV, received ART, and had CD4 of more than 200 cells/mm³. The authors collected data from the patients having anti-HBs of less than 10 mIU/mL with negative anti-HBc who received HBV vaccine. From the medical records, the authors evaluated their anti-HBs titer after the first dose of vaccination, and the titer after a third dose, in cases the result of the first dose was negative. Results: Of the 88 HIV-infected patients who received HBV vaccination, 19 patients (21.6%) showed protective anti-HBs after the first dose of vaccination. Factors associated with the presence of anti-HBs after the first dose included age as the patients of 29 years or older had protective anti-HBs of 15% and the patients younger than 29 years old had protective anti-HBs of 43% (p=0.013), and anti-HBs titer before the vaccination as the patients with titer of less than 2 mIU/mL had protective anti-HBs of 17% and the patients with titer of 2 to less than 10 mIU/mL had protective anti-HBs of 44% (p=0.038). Conclusion: Some HIV-infected patients have developed protective anti-HBs after the first dose of HBV vaccination especially the younger age of less than 29 years old and with an anti-HBs titer before vaccination of 2 mlU/mL or above. Almost half of them required only one HBV booster to achieve protective anti-HBs. Keywords: Vaccine; Hepatitis B; HIV; Vaccination; Immunity

scholarly journals Possible role of tocopherols in the modulation of host microRNA with potential antiviral activity in patients with hepatitis B virus-related persistent infection: a systematic review

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 1751-1768 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fiorino ◽  
L. Bacchi-Reggiani ◽  
S. Sabbatani ◽  
F. Grizzi ◽  
L. di Tommaso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents a serious global health problem and persistent HBV infection is associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. Recently, the study of the role of microRNA (miRNA) in the pathogenesis of HBV has gained considerable interest as well as new treatments against this pathogen have been approved. A few studies have investigated the antiviral activity of vitamin E (VE) in chronic HBV carriers. Herein, we review the possible role of tocopherols in the modulation of host miRNA with potential anti-HBV activity. A systematic research of the scientific literature was performed by searching the MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases. The keywords used were ‘HBV therapy’, ‘HBV treatment’, ‘VE antiviral effects’, ‘tocopherol antiviral activity’, ‘miRNA antiviral activity’ and ‘VE microRNA’. Reports describing the role of miRNA in the regulation of HBV life cycle,in vitroandin vivoavailable studies reporting the effects of VE on miRNA expression profiles and epigenetic networks, and clinical trials reporting the use of VE in patients with HBV-related chronic hepatitis were identified and examined. Based on the clinical results obtained in VE-treated chronic HBV carriers, we provide a reliable hypothesis for the possible role of this vitamin in the modulation of host miRNA profiles perturbed by this viral pathogen and in the regulation of some cellular miRNA with a suggested potential anti-HBV activity. This approach may contribute to the improvement of our understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms involved in HBV infection and increase the possibility of its management and treatment.

scholarly journals Strategies to Inhibit Hepatitis B Virus at the Transcript Level

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1327
Author(s):  
Bingqian Qu ◽  
Richard J. P. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Viral Gene Transcription ◽  
Hbv Vaccination ◽  
B Virus

Approximately 240 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), despite four decades of effective HBV vaccination. During chronic infection, HBV forms two distinct templates responsible for viral transcription: (1) episomal covalently closed circular (ccc)DNA and (2) host genome-integrated viral templates. Multiple ubiquitous and liver-specific transcription factors are recruited onto these templates and modulate viral gene transcription. This review details the latest developments in antivirals that inhibit HBV gene transcription or destabilize viral transcripts. Notably, nuclear receptor agonists exhibit potent inhibition of viral gene transcription from cccDNA. Small molecule inhibitors repress HBV X protein-mediated transcription from cccDNA, while small interfering RNAs and single-stranded oligonucleotides result in transcript degradation from both cccDNA and integrated templates. These antivirals mediate their effects by reducing viral transcripts abundance, some leading to a loss of surface antigen expression, and they can potentially be added to the arsenal of drugs with demonstrable anti-HBV activity. Thus, these candidates deserve special attention for future repurposing or further development as anti-HBV therapeutics.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B Core-Related Antigen as Surrogate Biomarker of Intrahepatic Hepatitis B Virus Covalently-Closed-Circular DNA in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B: A Meta-Analysis

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Gian Paolo Caviglia ◽  
Angelo Armandi ◽  
Chiara Rosso ◽  
Davide Giuseppe Ribaldone ◽  
Rinaldo Pellicano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Circular Dna ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Hbv Cccdna ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv ◽  
Intrahepatic Hbv

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently-closed-circular (ccc)DNA is the key molecule responsible for viral persistence within infected hepatocytes. The evaluation of HBV cccDNA is crucial for the management of patients with chronic HBV infection and for the personalization of treatment. However, the need for liver biopsy is the principal obstacle for the assessment of intrahepatic HBV cccDNA. In the last decade, several studies have investigated the performance of hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) as a surrogate of HBV cccDNA amount in the liver. In this meta-analysis, we collected 14 studies (1271 patients) investigating the correlation between serum HBcrAg and intrahepatic HBV cccDNA. Serum HBcrAg showed a high correlation with intrahepatic HBV cccDNA (r = 0.641, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.510–0.743, p < 0.001). In a head-to-head comparison, we observed that the performance of HBcrAg was significantly superior to that of hepatitis B surface antigen (r = 0.665 vs. r = 0.475, respectively, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that the correlation between HBcrAg and intrahepatic HBV cccDNA was high, both in hepatitis B e antigen-positive and -negative patients (r = 0.678, 95% CI 0.403–0.840, p < 0.001, and r = 0.578, 95% CI 0.344–0.744, p < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, the measurement of serum HBcrAg qualifies as a reliable non-invasive surrogate for the assessment of an intrahepatic HBV cccDNA reservoir.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Pregnancy: Immunological Response, Natural Course and Pregnancy Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 2926
Author(s):  
Sirinart Sirilert ◽  
Theera Tongsong
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Natural Course ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Chronic Hbv Infection ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy ◽  
The Impact

This review aimed to provide an update on the impact of pregnancy on the natural course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and also on the impact of HBV infection on adverse pregnancy outcomes, including mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). For the literature review, original research articles, review articles, and guidelines were narratively reviewed and comprehensively validated. The databases of PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL were carefully searched for articles in English on topics related to HBV infection, pregnancy, and vertical transmission from 1960 to May 2021. Immunological changes during pregnancy such as suppression of Th1 response and induction of Th2 immunity lead to an impaired immune reaction to HBV and stimulate viral activity along with the reduction of CD8 T cells to escape immune detection. The impact of pregnancy on the natural course of chronic HBV infection seems to be minimal, while pregnancy can increase morbidity and mortality in the case of advanced HBV hepatitis or cirrhosis. Importantly, hepatitis flare or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) flare can occur during pregnancy and is more common during the postpartum period due to the interaction between HBV and the immune response. Interestingly, the impact of HBV infection on adverse pregnancy outcomes is more serious than ever thought. Updated evidence indicates that pregnancies with chronic HBV infection increase the risk of preterm birth and gestational diabetes, especially in cases of positive hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg).

scholarly journals G‐to‐A Hypermutation in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Clinical Course of Patients with Chronic HBV Infection

2009 ◽  
Vol 199 (11) ◽  
pp. 1599-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiemi Noguchi ◽  
Michio Imamura ◽  
Masataka Tsuge ◽  
Nobuhiko Hiraga ◽  
Nami Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Chronic Hbv Infection ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv

scholarly journals Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins prevent clearance of hepatitis B virus

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (18) ◽  
pp. 5797-5802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Ebert ◽  
Simon Preston ◽  
Cody Allison ◽  
James Cooney ◽  
Jesse G. Toe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Inhibitor Of Apoptosis ◽  
Inhibitor Of Apoptosis Proteins ◽  
Immunocompetent Mouse ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv ◽  
Apoptosis Proteins

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can result in a spectrum of outcomes from immune-mediated control to disease progression, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. The host molecular pathways that influence and contribute to these outcomes need to be defined. Using an immunocompetent mouse model of chronic HBV infection, we identified some of the host cellular and molecular factors that impact on infection outcomes. Here, we show that cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (cIAPs) attenuate TNF signaling during hepatitis B infection, and they restrict the death of infected hepatocytes, thus allowing viral persistence. Animals with a liver-specific cIAP1 and total cIAP2 deficiency efficiently control HBV infection compared with WT mice. This phenotype was partly recapitulated in mice that were deficient in cIAP2 alone. These results indicate that antagonizing the function of cIAPs may promote the clearance of HBV infection.

Hepatitis B virus: from immunobiology to immunotherapy

2012 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Grimm ◽  
Maximilian Heeg ◽  
Robert Thimme
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Current State ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv

Owing to the major limitations of current antiviral therapies in HBV (hepatitis B virus) infection, there is a strong need for novel therapeutic approaches to this major health burden. Stimulation of the host's innate and adaptive immune responses in a way that results in the resolution of viral infection is a promising approach. A better understanding of the virus–host interaction in acute and chronic HBV infection revealed several possible novel targets for antiviral immunotherapy. In the present review, we will discuss the current state of the art in HBV immunology and illustrate how control of infection could be achieved by immunotherapeutic interventions.

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