A Study of Malay Manuscripts (Petua Membina Rumah): Geometric Pattern Lexical Density

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhamad Fadzllah Zaini ◽  
◽  
Anida Saruddin ◽  
Mazura Mastura Muhammad ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Lexical Representation ◽  
Geometric Pattern ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Lexical Density ◽  
Keyword List ◽  
A Current

This study examines the lexical density of classical Malay texts. This study is divided into three main parts, namely, (1) the form of the keyword list in a classic text compared to a current text, (2) 10 keywords that appear as a result of the Simple Math Procedure (SMP) test, and (3) geometrical patterns that are produced to examine the lexical representations of classical texts according to their SMP values. This study uses the SMP as is pre-defined in the LancsBox 4.5 software. This study was conducted on seven classical texts that have been developed in the Korpus Petua Membina Rumah (KPMR) (Tips for Building a Home Corpus). The rationale of this study is to test lexical density as a complex lexical representation in classical texts. In addition, the relation between text and community was also highlighted as a phenomenon of traditional knowledge and feudal thought.

scholarly journals The Emerging Lexicon of Children With Phonological Delays

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1194-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly L. Storkel
Keyword(s):  
Learning Task ◽  
Lexical Representation ◽  
Lexical Acquisition ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Phonotactic Probability ◽  
Sound System ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Sound Sequence

The effects of phonotactic constraints (i.e., the status of a sound as correctly or incorrectly articulated) and phonotactic probability (i.e., the likelihood of a sound sequence) on lexical acquisition have been investigated independently. This study investigated the interactive influence of phonotactic constraints and phonotactic probability on lexical acquisition in 3 groups of children: children with functional phonological delays (PD), phonology-matched, younger, typically developing children (PM), and age-/vocabulary-matched typically developing peers (AVM). Sixty-eight children participated in a multitrial word-learning task involving nonwords varying in phonotactic constraints (IN vs. OUT) and phonotactic probability (common vs. rare). Correct and error responses were analyzed. Results indicated that OUT sound sequences were learned more rapidly than IN sound sequences. This suggests that OUT sounds may be salient because they represent only a small subset of the child's sound system. The effect of phonotactic probability varied across groups: Children with PD showed a common sound sequence disadvantage, younger PM children showed a common sound sequence advantage, and AVM children showed no effect. Moreover, error analyses indicated that children with PD had particular difficulty creating lexical representations and associations between lexical and semantic representations when learning common sound sequences. Children with PD may rely more heavily on lexical representations to learn new words or may have difficulty learning common sound sequences because of the high degree of similarity between these sequences and other known words. Finally, the effect of phonotactic probability was consistent across IN and OUT sound sequences, suggesting that the lexical representation of both correctly articulated and misarticulated words is based on the adult-target pronunciation.

Spoken Word Production

2018 ◽  
pp. 334-371
Author(s):  
Linda R. Wheeldon ◽  
Agnieszka E. Konopka
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Lexical Representation ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Spoken Word Production ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Syntactic Information

This chapter examines two distinct stages of the production of spoken words: the retrieval of semantic and lexical representations, followed by morphological and phonological processing. In both cases, it summarizes models of lexical representation and lexical selection that have focused on the retrieval of single words. These models agree that different lexical information becomes available at different points in time, with access to semantic and syntactic information preceding access to information about lexical form. The structure of this review reflects this dichotomy. Comprehensive production models must also account for the sequencing and timing of lexical processing in multiword utterances and for the effects of utterance context on the planning of lexical forms; thus, this review also addresses the issue of lexical integration in longer utterances. Empirical evidence from a range of paradigms is reviewed, including single-object naming paradigms, interference paradigms, and paradigms eliciting full sentences.

scholarly journals Ontogenesis Model of the L2 Lexical Representation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Denisa Bordag ◽  
Kira Gor ◽  
Andreas Opitz
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Lexical Representation ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Lexical Acquisition ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Optimal Encoding

Abstract We introduce the blueprint of the Ontogenesis Model of the L2 Lexical Representation (OM) that focuses on the development of lexical representations. The OM has three dimensions: linguistic domains (phonological, orthographic, and semantic), mappings between domains, and networks of lexical representations. The model assumes that fuzziness is a pervasive property of the L2 lexicon: most L2 lexical representations are low resolution and the ontogenetic curve of their development does not reach the optimum (i.e., the ultimate stage of their attainment with optimal encoding) in one or more dimensions. We review the findings on lexical processing and vocabulary training to show that the OM has a potential to provide an interpretation for the results that have been treated separately and to move us forward in building a comprehensive model of L2 lexical acquisition and processing.

scholarly journals Lexical stress representation in spoken word recognition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angeliki Andrikopoulou ◽  
Athanassios Protopapas ◽  
Amalia Arvaniti
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Lexical Representation ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Asymmetric Pattern ◽  
Spoken Words ◽  
Stress Representation ◽  
Final Syllable ◽  
Syllable Stress

According to a popular model of speech production, stress is underspecified in the lexicon, that is, it is specified only for words with stress patterns other than the default, termed the “default metrics” assumption. Alternatively, stress may be fully specified in the lexicon as part of every lexical representation. In the current study the two accounts are tested in the perceptual domain using behavioral and eye-tracking data in Greek. In a first experiment, cross-modal fragment priming was used in a lexical decision task. According to default metrics, priming should occur for targets with antepenultimate- or final-syllable stress but not for targets with the default penultimate-syllable stress. The same word pairs were used in two subsequent visual world experiments. Default metrics predicts an asymmetric pattern of results, namely that incoming spoken words with the default stress pattern should inhibit the activation of lexical representations with nondefault stress, whereas the converse should not be observed; that is, spoken words with nondefault stress should not inhibit representations of words with the default stress. None of the results provided support for the idea of default metrics, leading to alternative conceptualizations regarding the representation of stress.

Is vowel nasalisation phonological in English? A systematic review

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-437
Author(s):  
MARTIN KRÄMER
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
American English ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Lexical Representation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Phonological Process ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
The Subject

Vowel nasalisation in American English has been the subject of a long discussion as to whether it is a phonological process or whether it should better be analysed as phonetic coarticulation. As a predictable allophonic process, vowel nasalisation also provides a testing ground for theories of lexical representation, since if it turns out that language users store this predictable information in long-term memory, there is no reason to assume any kind of phonological underspecification. In this article, experimental studies on this phenomenon are reviewed with these two questions in mind: is the phenomenon a phonological process at all and is this predictable information, i.e. vowel nasalisation, stored in the mental lexicon. The majority of studies provide evidence supporting the phonological view and underspecified lexical representations.

scholarly journals Speech perception at the interface of neurobiology and linguistics

2007 ◽  
Vol 363 (1493) ◽  
pp. 1071-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Poeppel ◽  
William J Idsardi ◽  
Virginie van Wassenhove
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Lexical Representation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Discrete Representations ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Synthesis Approach

Speech perception consists of a set of computations that take continuously varying acoustic waveforms as input and generate discrete representations that make contact with the lexical representations stored in long-term memory as output. Because the perceptual objects that are recognized by the speech perception enter into subsequent linguistic computation, the format that is used for lexical representation and processing fundamentally constrains the speech perceptual processes. Consequently, theories of speech perception must, at some level, be tightly linked to theories of lexical representation. Minimally, speech perception must yield representations that smoothly and rapidly interface with stored lexical items. Adopting the perspective of Marr, we argue and provide neurobiological and psychophysical evidence for the following research programme. First, at the implementational level, speech perception is a multi-time resolution process, with perceptual analyses occurring concurrently on at least two time scales (approx. 20–80 ms, approx. 150–300 ms), commensurate with (sub)segmental and syllabic analyses, respectively. Second, at the algorithmic level, we suggest that perception proceeds on the basis of internal forward models, or uses an ‘analysis-by-synthesis’ approach. Third, at the computational level (in the sense of Marr), the theory of lexical representation that we adopt is principally informed by phonological research and assumes that words are represented in the mental lexicon in terms of sequences of discrete segments composed of distinctive features. One important goal of the research programme is to develop linking hypotheses between putative neurobiological primitives (e.g. temporal primitives) and those primitives derived from linguistic inquiry, to arrive ultimately at a biologically sensible and theoretically satisfying model of representation and computation in speech.

Resolving Crystallites in Zirconium Oxide Films

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
R.A. Ploc
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Inelastic Scattering ◽  
Zirconium Oxide ◽  
Oxide Films ◽  
Optic Axis ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Microscope Objective ◽  
Linear Optic ◽  
A Current ◽  
Microscope Objective Lens

The optic axis of an electron microscope objective lens is usually assumed to be straight and co-linear with the mechanical center. No reason exists to assume such perfection and, indeed, simple reasoning suggests that it is a complicated curve. A current centered objective lens with a non-linear optic axis when used in conjunction with other lenses, leads to serious image errors if the nature of the specimen is such as to produce intense inelastic scattering.

Structure of Palladium Single-Crystal Films Prepared by Flash Evaporation onto (001) NaCl Substrates

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
L. E. Murr ◽  
G. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Flash Evaporation ◽  
Optimum Load ◽  
Single Crystal Films ◽  
Crystal Films ◽  
A Current

Palladium single-crystal films have been prepared by Matthews in ultra-high vacuum by evaporation onto (001) NaCl substrates cleaved in-situ, and maintained at ∼ 350° C. Murr has also produced large-grained and single-crystal Pd films by high-rate evaporation onto (001) NaCl air-cleaved substrates at 350°C. In the present work, very large (∼ 3cm2), continuous single-crystal films of Pd have been prepared by flash evaporation onto air-cleaved (001) NaCl substrates at temperatures at or below 250°C. Evaporation rates estimated to be ≧ 2000 Å/sec, were obtained by effectively short-circuiting 1 mil tungsten evaporation boats in a self-regulating system which maintained an optimum load current of approximately 90 amperes; corresponding to a current density through the boat of ∼ 4 × 104 amperes/cm2.

Novel magneto-optical recording materials: Bi-substituted garnet films

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 776-777
Author(s):  
Takao Suzuki ◽  
Hossein Nuri
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Amorphous Film ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Optical Recording ◽  
Garnet Film ◽  
Media Noise ◽  
Garnet Films ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
A Current

For future high density magneto-optical recording materials, a Bi-substituted garnet film ((BiDy)3(FeGa)5O12) is an attractive candidate since it has strong magneto-optic effect at short wavelengths less than 600 nm. The signal in read back performance at 500 nm using a garnet film can be an order of magnitude higher than a current rare earth-transition metal amorphous film. However, the granularity and surface roughness of such crystalline garnet films are the key to control for minimizing media noise.We have demonstrated a new technique to fabricate a garnet film which has much smaller grain size and smoother surfaces than those annealed in a conventional oven. This method employs a high ramp-up rate annealing (Γ = 50 ~ 100 C/s) in nitrogen atmosphere. Fig.1 shows a typical microstruture of a Bi-susbtituted garnet film deposited by r.f. sputtering and then subsequently crystallized by a rapid thermal annealing technique at Γ = 50 C/s at 650 °C for 2 min. The structure is a single phase of garnet, and a grain size is about 300A.

Facet Topography and Dislocation Structure as a Possible Source for Electrical Heterogeneity in [001] TILT Bicrystals of YBa2Cu3O7-δ

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
I-Fei Tsu ◽  
D.L. Kaiser ◽  
S.E. Babcock
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Critical Current Density ◽  
Critical Current ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Electromagnetic Properties ◽  
Length Scale ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Applied Fields ◽  
A Current

A current theme in the study of the critical current density behavior of YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) grain boundaries is that their electromagnetic properties are heterogeneous on various length scales ranging from 10s of microns to ˜ 1 Å. Recently, combined electromagnetic and TEM studies on four flux-grown bicrystals have demonstrated a direct correlation between the length scale of the boundaries’ saw-tooth facet configurations and the apparent length scale of the electrical heterogeneity. In that work, enhanced critical current densities are observed at applied fields where the facet period is commensurate with the spacing of the Abrikosov flux vortices which must be pinned if higher critical current density values are recorded. To understand the microstructural origin of the flux pinning, the grain boundary topography and grain boundary dislocation (GBD) network structure of [001] tilt YBCO bicrystals were studied by TEM and HRTEM.

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