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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been declared a pandemic with devastating effects on the
entire world. Madjid et al. from the University of Texas Health Science, Houston, Texas review
current information on the virus and COVID-19 and its effects on the cardiovascular system.
Coronaviruses, classified in 4 groups, were first identified in humans in the 1960s with 4 types
(all from the α and β classes) are endemic in humans usually causing mild and self-limiting
upper respiratory infections accounting for 15-30% of common colds. Both SARS (caused by
SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS, caused by MERS-CoV) caused
outbreaks (in 2002 and 2012, respectively) that had higher fatality rates but were much less
widespread than COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is genetically more similar to SARS-CoV (82%) than
MERS-CoV (50%). The virus has a mean incubation period of 5.2 days (95%CI, 4.1-7.0 days),
with the 95th percentile of the distribution at 12.5 days according to one study and up to 14 days
according to another. The World Health Organization reported a global mortality rate of 3.4%
but importantly, this rate varies by location, intensity of transmission, variations of care,
presence of comorbidities (including cardiovascular disease), advanced age, and likely other
factors. The primary symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Acute
cardiac injury determined by elevated high-sensitivity troponin levels is commonly observed in
severe cases and is strongly associated with mortality, complications such as acute respiratory
distress syndrome, arrhythmia, renal injury, and coagulopathy. There has been reported cases of
viral infiltration of the myocardium causing myocarditis. Myocardial injury can also be caused
by ischemia. It is important to note that COVID-19 in addition to inducing new cardiac
pathologies (such as myocarditis) may also exacerbate pre-existing cardiovascular disease.
Finally, some of the investigational therapies for COVID-19 may have cardiovascular effects.
Current treatment, until investigational therapies have been shown to be effective, is supportive
care and treatment of complications. The article offers a wonderful review of current knowledge
on COVID-19 as well as a review of SARS and MERS which provide further insights on the
effects of coronaviruses on the cardiovascular system.