scholarly journals Probabilistic measures of HIV-1 transmission in different HIV-1 key population groups of Larkana, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
Syed Rizwan-ul-Hasan ◽  
Abiha Abdullah ◽  
Shakil Ahmed ◽  
Sharaf Ali Shah ◽  
Fatima Mir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Key Population ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Probabilistic Measures ◽  
Hiv 1

Objective: To estimate the probability of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 transmission from different key HIV population groups using probabilistic modelling. Methods: This study was conducted in December 2020. A probabilistic model was used to estimate the probability of HIV-1 transmission from different key HIV population groups in Larkana. Our model was run on three probabilistic assumptions: 1) each replication gave two conceivable results: ‘true’ or ‘false’; 2) the chance of giving a ‘true’ result is the same for each replication; and 3) the replications are independent - ‘true’ in one will not impact the likelihood of ‘true’ in another. Results: The results estimated the probability of HIV transmission in key HIV population groups in Larkana to range between 0.42–0.54 per trial, where the highest probability of transmission was predicted for men who have sex with men (MSM; 0.54 per trial), followed by transgender (TG; 0.46 per trial) and people who inject drugs (PWID; 0.457 per trial). Conclusion: Our results suggest that there is a high likelihood of HIV transmission by key population groups in Larkana, such as MSM, TG, and PWID. Mathematic models, such as one proposed in our study can aid the HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) control programmes in evaluating and optimising the strategies in controlling transmission of HIV from the key population groups. Continuous...

scholarly journals Trends in HIV surveillance data in the EU/EEA, 2005 to 2014: new HIV diagnoses still increasing in men who have sex with men

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (47) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Pharris ◽  
Chantal Quinten ◽  
Lara Tavoschi ◽  
Gianfranco Spiteri ◽  
Andrew J. Amato-Gauci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Hiv Surveillance ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
The Eu

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission remains significant in Europe. Rates of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have declined, but not in all countries. New HIV diagnoses have increased among native and foreign-born men who have sex with men. Median CD4+ T-cell count at diagnosis has increased, but not in all groups, and late diagnosis remains common. HIV infection and AIDS can be eliminated in Europe with resolute prevention measures, early diagnosis and access to effective treatment.

scholarly journals PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION AND VIRTUAL SCREENING INDONESIAN HERBAL DATABASE AS HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS -1 INTEGRASE INHIBITOR USING AUTODOCK AND VINA

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Arry Yanuar ◽  
Rezi Riadhi Syahdi ◽  
Widya Dwi Aryati
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Virtual Screening ◽  
Integrase Inhibitor ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Autodock Vina ◽  
Unit Space ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv 1

Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is a virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a disease considered to be one of themost dangerous because of its high mortality, morbidity, and infectivity. The emergence of mutant HIV strains has led treatment to target proteaseas reverse transcriptase and integrase enzyme become less effective. This study aims to provide knowledge about the potential of HIV-1 integraseinhibitors for use as guiding compounds in the development of new anti-HIV drugs.Methods: This study used AutoDock and AutoDock Vina for virtual screening of the Indonesian herbal database for inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase andis validated using a database of the directory of useful decoys. Optimization was accomplished by selecting the grid size, the number of calculations,and the addition of two water molecules and a magnesium atom as cofactor.Results: This study determined that the best grid box size is 21.1725×21.1725×21.1725 in unit space size (1 unit space equals to macromolecules 1Ǻ),using AutoDock Vina with EF and AUC values, 3.93 and 0.693, respectively. Three important water molecules have meaning in molecular dockingaround the binding pocket.Conclusions: This study obtained the top ten ranked compounds using AutoDock Vina. The compounds include: Casuarinin; Myricetin-3-O-(2’’,6’’-di-O-α-rhamnosyl)-β-glucoside; 5,7,2’,4’-tetrahydroxy-6,3’-diprenylisoflavone 5-O-(4’’-rhamnosylrhamnoside); myricetin 3-robinobioside; cyanidin3-[6-(6-ferulylglucosyl)-2-xylosylgalactoside]; mesuein, cyanidin 7-(3-glucosyl-6-malonylglucoside)-4’-glucoside; kaempferol 3-[glucosyl-(1→3)-rhamnosyl-(1→6)-galactoside]; 3-O-galloylepicatechin-(4-β→8)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate; and quercetin 4’-glucuronide.

Detection of HIV Antibody and Antigen (p24) in Residual Blood on Needles and Glass

1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 180-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djamshid Shirazian ◽  
Barry C. Herzlich ◽  
Foroozan Mokhtarian ◽  
David Grob
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Circulating Antigen ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Residual Blood ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv 1

AbstractThere is a significant rate of percutaneous injury with needles during the care of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Following puncture injury, it is recommended that the source of the contaminating blood be checked, and if human immunodeficiency virus-type 1- (HIV-1)-seropositive, zidovudine prophylaxis be considered. As the source of contaminating blood may be unknown, we studied the detectability of HIV-1 antibody and circulating antigen (p24) in the residual blood from needles and pieces of glass at various intervals following exposure to blood. The residual volume of blood remaining in needles varied from 183 ±50 μ 1 for a 20 G needle to 7.8 ± 1 μ 1 for a 27 G needle, and the residual blood on small pieces of glass varied from 23 μ 1 for a piece weighing 558 mg to 2 μ 1 for a piece weighing 21 mg. Analysis of washed samples of residual blood from all 20 G through 26 G needles and from broken pieces of glass larger than 0.41 g that had been exposed to HIV-1-seropositive blood and left at room temperature for one hour, one day and one week resulted in positive tests for HIV-1 antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence and Western blot assays. The circulating antigen was detected in residual blood of 20 G through 26 G needles, but not from contaminated pieces of glass. This technique could be applied to situations where a healthcare worker pricked him- or herself with a needle or with a piece of glass that had been contaminated with blood of unknown seroreactivity. If HIV-1 ELISA, immunofluorescence, Western blot and circulating antigen assays are negative, the individual can be reassured. Because only 0.4% of needlestick injuries with HIV-1-seropositive blood have resulted in seroconversion, there must be other factors, as yet unknown, that predispose to infection.

scholarly journals Prevalence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infections among HIV-1-infected asymptomatic individuals in São Paulo, Brazil

1997 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge CASSEB ◽  
Adele CATERINO-DE ARAUJO ◽  
Marisa A. HONG ◽  
Simone SALOMÃO ◽  
Dana GALLO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Multiple Pathogens ◽  
Hiv 1

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-infected subjects with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are often infected with multiple pathogens. In particular, HTLV-I and HTLV-II infections have been found more frequently in AIDS patients than in asymptomatic individuals in Europe and Japan. We carried out a serosurvey among asymptomatic HIV-1-infected subjects in São Paulo, Brazil and compared our results with those of other investigators. In this study, we found HTLV infection in 1.5% of 266 asymptomatic and 14% of 28 AIDS patients. Epidemiological data obtained from patients pointed out the use of intravenous drugs as the principal risk factor for acquiring retroviruses. In conclusion, our results are in accordance with other studies done in Brazil and elsewhere where the principal risk group for HIV/HTLV-I/II coinfection was IDU

scholarly journals Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated T-cell lymphoma: evidence for human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated T-cell transformation

Blood ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 1768-1774 ◽  
Author(s):  
BG Herndier ◽  
BT Shiramizu ◽  
NE Jewett ◽  
KD Aldape ◽  
GR Reyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract The majority of lymphomas in the setting of acquired, iatrogenic, or congenital immunodeficiencies are B-cell lymphoproliferations. We describe a rare T-cell lymphoma in a fulminantly ill patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The T-cell nature of the process was defined genotypically (monoclonal T-cell receptor beta- chain [CT beta] rearrangement) and phenotypically (CD45RO+, CD4+, CD5+, CD25+, CD8-, CD3- and negative for a variety of B-cell and monocyte markers). The CD4+, CD25+ (interleukin-2 receptor [IL-2R]) phenotype with production of IL-2 and IL-2R RNA is analogous to human T- lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL); however, no HTLV-1 could be detected. Southern blot analysis did demonstrate monoclonally integrated HIV-1 within the tumor genome. Furthermore, the tumor cells were producing HIV p24 antigen as shown by immunohistochemistry. This is the first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated non- Hodgkin's lymphoma in which HIV-1 infection may have played a central role in the lymphocyte transformation process.

Infection With Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Increases Expression of Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor in T Cells: Implications for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome-Associated Vasculopathy

Blood ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 4232-4241 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ascherl ◽  
C. Hohenadl ◽  
O. Schatz ◽  
E. Shumay ◽  
J. Bogner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Cell ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Endothelial Cell Growth Factor ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Endothelial Cell Growth ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1

Abstract Alterations in the vascular system and the onset of angioproliferative lesions such as Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) are common traits of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)–infected patients. To investigate possible factors involved in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated vasculopathy and vascular malfunction, expression of vascular endothelial cell growth factor-A (VEGF-A) was analyzed in HUT 78 T lymphocytes upon infection with HIV-1. VEGF-A was found to be increased in supernatants from infected cells as compared with uninfected cells. In addition, VEGF-A mRNA expression and protein secretion were significantly increased in HUT 78 cells incubated with conditioned medium (CM) derived from HIV-1 chronically infected HUT 78 cells (HIV-TCM) as compared with CM from uninfected cells (TCM). Increase of VEGF-A production in T cells was promoted by inflammatory cytokines (IC) present in HIV-TCM, including tumor necrosis factor  (TNF), interferon γ (IFNγ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6. These IC that have been shown to be increased in sera of HIV-1–infected patients and to be increased by HIV-1 infection or cell activation in these individuals as well as HIV-TCM also increased VEGF-A expression in primary T lymphocytes. Consistent with this, VEGF-A concentrations were found to be higher in sera of HIV-1–infected patients with (mean, 357.1 ± 197.9 pg/mL) and without KS (mean, 256.7 ± 137.5 pg/mL) as compared with uninfected individuals (mean, 188.6 ± 91.7 pg/mL). These data suggest that increased secretion of VEGF-A by T lymphocytes of HIV-1–infected individuals may induce vascular leakage and stimulate proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, which are hallmarks of AIDS-associated vasculopathy and especially of KS development.

scholarly journals Employing Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies as a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prophylactic & Therapeutic Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengchao Ding ◽  
Darshit Patel ◽  
Yunjing Ma ◽  
Jamie F. S. Mann ◽  
Jianjun Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Therapeutic Application ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

Despite the discovery that the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is the pathogen of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1983, there is still no effective anti-HIV-1 vaccine. The major obstacle to the development of HIV-1 vaccine is the extreme diversity of viral genome sequences. Nonetheless, a number of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 have been made and identified in this area. Novel strategies based on using these bNAbs as an efficacious preventive and/or therapeutic intervention have been applied in clinical. In this review, we summarize the recent development of bNAbs and its application in HIV-1 acquisition prevention as well as discuss the innovative approaches being used to try to convey protection within individuals at risk and being treated for HIV-1 infection.

scholarly journals Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated T-cell lymphoma: evidence for human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated T-cell transformation

Blood ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 1768-1774 ◽  
Author(s):  
BG Herndier ◽  
BT Shiramizu ◽  
NE Jewett ◽  
KD Aldape ◽  
GR Reyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv 1

The majority of lymphomas in the setting of acquired, iatrogenic, or congenital immunodeficiencies are B-cell lymphoproliferations. We describe a rare T-cell lymphoma in a fulminantly ill patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The T-cell nature of the process was defined genotypically (monoclonal T-cell receptor beta- chain [CT beta] rearrangement) and phenotypically (CD45RO+, CD4+, CD5+, CD25+, CD8-, CD3- and negative for a variety of B-cell and monocyte markers). The CD4+, CD25+ (interleukin-2 receptor [IL-2R]) phenotype with production of IL-2 and IL-2R RNA is analogous to human T- lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL); however, no HTLV-1 could be detected. Southern blot analysis did demonstrate monoclonally integrated HIV-1 within the tumor genome. Furthermore, the tumor cells were producing HIV p24 antigen as shown by immunohistochemistry. This is the first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated non- Hodgkin's lymphoma in which HIV-1 infection may have played a central role in the lymphocyte transformation process.

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