scholarly journals Agricultural and environmental aspects of sustainable bioenergy development

Bioenergy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Roik ◽  
O. M. Hanzhenko
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Marginal Land ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Agricultural Lands

Purpose.The analysis of the agroecological state of agricultural lands of Ukraine and the factors that cause soil degradation are given in the article. Conclusions. Large-scale use of straw for energy may be one of the key factors in reducing organic carbon in the soil. This will activate the processes of humus mineralization. Therefore, the use of straw for energy production does not meet the criteria of sustainable development and violates Ukrainian legislation on land use. The sustainable bioenergy development must be based on the biomass of high-productive bioenergy plants, which should be grown on low-yielding and degraded (marginal) land.

scholarly journals Land taxation as a tool to ensure sustainable development of rural areas in the context of decentralization

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (98) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
N. Khomiuk ◽  
I. Tsymbaliuk ◽  
M. Voichuk ◽  
A. Grymak ◽  
I. Kravtsiv
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Single Tax ◽  
Land Taxation ◽  
Communal Property ◽  
Legal Entities

The article considers land taxation as one of the tools to ensure the sustainable development of rural areas in the context of decentralization. Included land tax and rent for land plots of state and communal property and a single tax for agricultural producers as land tax payments has been proposed. It was found that the land fee is the second-largest source of tax revenues to local budgets. It was revealed that during 2009–2020 there is a tendency to increase revenues from land fees to local budgets of Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on the fact that there is an increase in rent payments by legal entities and individuals in parallel with a decrease in its share in the payment for land, which is caused by an increase in land tax revenues during the analyzed period by 4.5 times. It was found that the largest amounts of revenues from land fees are payments from legal entities (86–88 % of the total revenues). It was found that the number of revenues from land tax and rent for land plots of state and communal property paid by individuals increased 4.5 times, and the number of revenues from similar taxes from legal entities increased 3.6 times. As a result of the study, attention is focused on the fact that since 2015 the payment for land has been transferred from the status of a national tax to a local one. It is proved that to tax the regulation of agricultural land use and promotes the development of agriculture and rural areas in 1998, a fixed agricultural tax was introduced. It was found that the number of receipts of the single tax paid by agricultural producers in 2015 increased 17 times compared to 2014. The sharp increase is caused by the introduction of the annual indexation of the tax base for agricultural enterprises, and a threefold increase in tax rates is justified. To achieve the goals of sustainable development of rural areas, it is proposed to carry out such measures as the application of increasing coefficients for irrational use of agricultural lands, provision of benefits for organic agricultural producers, implementation of the full inventory of agricultural lands, improvement of normative monetary valuation of land use for land and/or the single tax of the fourth group for the implementation of measures for the protection and reproduction of land resources, which will increase employment in rural areas, overcome poverty, develop social infrastructure, ensure the livelihood of rural residents, food, economic and environmental security, reduce destructive effects on the environment, protection and reproduction of natural resource potential.

scholarly journals The Impact of Anthropogenic Land-Use Change on Soil Organic Carbon, Oporae Valley, Lake Tutira, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Roderick Charles James Boys
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
The Impact

<p>During the anthropocene land use change has exacerbated erosion of the Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) rich topsoil in the Oporae Valley. As well as reducing the SOC content of the contemporary topsoil, the large scale redistribution of sediment has created a quantifiable long-term SOC sink in paleosols. Using contemporary native forest soils as a proxy, pasture covered topsoils contain ~40% less SOC (a loss of 5,338 T/[square kilometer] SOC). The pre-human paleosol at ~200 cm, an average 32 cm thickness, contains 9180 T/[square kilometer]. Significantly more SOC buried at depth than what currently exists in the contemporary topsoil indicates the relative importance of paleosols as C stores and the role of land use change on SOC. The preservation characteristics of a paleosol in the Oporae Valley are determined by slope angle and the relative position they hold in relation to the inter-fingering of the alluvial toeslope with the colluvial footslope. Groupings of [radioisotope carbon-14] ages in and above the pre-human paleosol allow for calculation of terrestrial sedimentation rates. At ~0.9 mm yr^-1 the terrestrial pre-human sedimentation rate averaged over the valley floor is approximately half (0.53) of the corresponding pre-human lake rate of ~1.7 mm yr^-1. As a proportion of the lake's anthropogenic sedimentation rate at ~4.8 mm yr^-1, the terrestrial anthropogenic sedimentation rate has slightly increased to ~2.8 mm yr^-1 (0.58 of the lake sedimentation rate). These initial findings demonstrate the potential for further research in this area, so that ongoing land-use change can be accurately incorporated into terrestrial carbon accounting.</p>

Modelling of long term brownification process in Southern Finland 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katri Rankinen ◽  
Maria Holmberg ◽  
José Cano Bernal ◽  
Anu Akujärvi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Sulphur Deposition ◽  
Small Catchments

&lt;p&gt;Browning of surface waters due to increased terrestrial loading of organic carbon is observed in boreal regions. It is explained by large scale changes in ecosystems, including decrease in sulphur deposition that affects soil organic matter solubility, increase in temperature that stimulates export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from organic soils, and increase in precipitation and thus runoff. Land use changes and forestry measures are also observed to be one reason for increased transport of DOC. The effects of brownification extend to ecosystem services like water purification, but also freshwater productivity through limiting light penetration and creating more stable thermal stratification. We studied past trends of organic carbon loading from catchments based on observations since early 1990&amp;#8217;s. We made simulations of loading by the physical Persist and INCA models to three small catchments at the Lammi LTER area. We upscaled simulations to the Kokem&amp;#228;enjoki river basin (17 950 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Even though river processes did not play a role in small catchments, they had influence on DOC concentration at the whole river basin. Brownification was driven mainly by the change in climate and decay of organic matter in soil, with smaller impact of land use change on organic soil types. Decrease in sulphur deposition had only minor effect on brownification.&lt;/p&gt;

Soil erosion leads to significant mobilisation of terrestrial organic and inorganic carbon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Turnbull ◽  
John Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Land Use Systems ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Soil Erosion Rates

&lt;p&gt;Soil carbon content is greatly affected by soil degradation &amp;#8211; in particular erosional processes &amp;#8211; which cannot be ignored in the context of the global C cycle. Soil degradation, driven largely by wind and water erosion, affects up to 66% of Earth&amp;#8217;s terrestrial surface. Understanding how soil degradation affects soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) stocks is an essential component of understanding global C cycling and global C budgets, and is essential for improved C management and climate-change mitigation policies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this study, we quantify the distribution of SOC and SIC, and estimate their combined effects on carbon mobilisation via water and wind-driven erosion. We estimate spatially variable water-driven erosion rates for different land-use systems and degradation severities using values obtained from a meta-analysis of soil erosion rates, and undertake stochastic simulations to account for possible uncertainty in our estimates. For wind-driven soil erosion rates we use modelled dust emission rates from AeroCom Phase III model experiments for the 2010 control year, for 14 different models. We use the Harmonized World Soil Database v1.2 to calculate SOC and SIC stocks, the GLASOD map of soil degradation to estimate soil degradation severities and the Land Use Systems of the World database to estimate water-driven erosion rates associated with different land-use systems. &amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We find that 651 Pg SOC and 306 Pg SIC (in the top 1-m of soil) is located in degrading soils. We estimate global water-driven soil erosion to be 216.4 Pg yr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, which results in the mobilisation of ~2.9536 Pg OC yr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. Accounting for the enrichment of organic carbon in eroded sediment increases these estimates up to 12.2 Pg SOC yr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. A minimum estimate of SIC mobilisation by water erosion is ~0.5592 Pg IC yr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. Dust emission model ensemble results indicate that ~19.8 Pg soil is eroded for the 2010 AeroCom reference year, with ~11.1 Pg deposited via dry deposition and ~7.2 &amp;#160;Pg deposited via wet deposition. The total amount of SOC and SIC mobilised by water-driven erosion is greater than wind-driven erosion, and the spatial patterns of SIC and SOC mobilisation by wind and water vary considerably. Across all land-use types, water-driven carbon mobilisation is higher than wind. Water-driven SOC mobilisation is highest in cropland (~ 2.6602 Pg OC yr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) where high erosion rates coincide with average SOC content of 68.4 tonnes ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. SIC mobilisation follows the same pattern in relation to land use, with highest water-driven mobilisation in cropland (~0.4660 Pg IC yr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and highest wind-driven mobilisation in bare areas (0.05 Pg IC yr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;). Overall, wind-driven erosion mobilises more IC than OC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Future land-use change has great potential to affect global soil carbon stocks further, especially with increases in the severity of soil degradation as human pressures on agricultural systems increase.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Assessment on the rates and potentials of soil organic carbon sequestration in agricultural lands in Japan using a process-based model and spatially explicit land-use change inventories – Part 2: Future potentials

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4443-4457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yagasaki ◽  
Y. Shirato
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Agricultural Fields ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
Soc Stock ◽  
Reduction Of Co2 ◽  
Business As Usual ◽  
Stock Change

Abstract. Future potentials of the sequestration of soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural lands in Japan were estimated using a simulation system we recently developed to simulate SOC stock change at country-scale under varying land-use change, climate, soil, and agricultural practices, in a spatially explicit manner. Simulation was run from 1970 to 2006 with historical inventories, and subsequently to 2020 with future scenarios of agricultural activity comprised of various agricultural policy targets advocated by the Japanese government. Furthermore, the simulation was run subsequently until 2100 while forcing no temporal changes in land-use and agricultural activity to investigate duration and course of SOC stock change at country scale. A scenario with an increased rate of organic carbon input to agricultural fields by intensified crop rotation in combination with the suppression of conversion of agricultural lands to other land-use types was found to have a greater reduction of CO2 emission by enhanced soil carbon sequestration, but only under a circumstance in which the converted agricultural lands will become settlements that were considered to have a relatively lower rate of organic carbon input. The size of relative reduction of CO2 emission in this scenario was comparable to that in another contrasting scenario (business-as-usual scenario of agricultural activity) in which a relatively lower rate of organic matter input to agricultural fields was assumed in combination with an increased rate of conversion of the agricultural fields to unmanaged grasslands through abandonment. Our simulation experiment clearly demonstrated that net-net-based accounting on SOC stock change, defined as the differences between the emissions and removals during the commitment period and the emissions and removals during a previous period (base year or base period of Kyoto Protocol), can be largely influenced by variations in future climate. Whereas baseline-based accounting, defined as differences between the net emissions in the accounting period and the ex ante estimation of net business-as-usual emissions for the same period, has robustness over variations in future climate and effectiveness to factor out some of the direct human-induced effects such as changing land-use and agricultural activity. Factors affecting uncertainties in the estimation of the country-scale potential of SOC sequestration were discussed, especially those related to estimation of the rate of organic carbon input to soils under different land-use types. Our study suggested that, in order to assist decision making of policy on agriculture, land management, and mitigation of global climate change, it is also important to take account of duration and time course of SOC sequestration, supposition on land-use change pattern in future, as well as feasibility of agricultural policy planning.

scholarly journals Environmental Criteria for Assessing the Competitiveness of Public Tenders with the Replacement of Large-Scale LEDs in the Outdoor Lighting of Cities as a Key Element for Sustainable Development: Case Study Applied with PROMETHEE Methodology

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 5982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez ◽  
José Adolfo Lozano-Miralles ◽  
Rafael Lopez-Garcia ◽  
Paulo Brito
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Environmental Criteria ◽  
Ecological Criteria ◽  
Promethee Method

The technological change to LEDs is an unstoppable reality which, little by little, is becoming increasingly important in terms of the lighting inside and outside our homes. The exterior lighting of our cities is moving decisively and clearly towards the incorporation of this technology in urban spaces. The energy efficiency, light quality, and economic benefits of LED technology are an unquestionable reality. This is causing public administration projects involving large-scale switches to LEDs to be promoted and financed; however, it is beginning to be observed that the commitment to the policies decided by this technology should take into account some environmental aspects which have not been studied to date. The environmental impact of the substitutions is caused by the need to valorize the replaced luminaires. Until now, most have been stored without the possibility of use, reuse, or recovery. The environmental impact produced in the manufacture of LED luminaires that replace the old sodium vapor (VSAP) or metal halide (MH) discharge lamps must also be considered. In addition, in the administrative clauses specifications that govern the public tenders, it is observed that the fundamental environmental aspects both of recycling the old lamps, and of the life cycle analysis (LCA) of the luminaires that are replacing them, have not been contemplated or valued with sufficient weight. In addition, there are very few public substitution contests in which environmental criteria are rewarded or valued in an important way. This work intends to summarize a methodological proposal using the techniques of multiple decision-making criteria for the selection of bidding companies for public outdoor lighting competitions. We propose the use of the PROMETHEE method multi-criteria analysis for the application of the most commonly used criteria for the luminaire LED selection process, including an environmental impact assessment with LCA techniques, and propose this as a case or model guide in the public contests of cities. A model of the bidding conditions that addresses and assesses the environmental aspects which are absolutely key to sustainable development is supported by the ecological criteria of the circular economy.

scholarly journals The Key Factors Affecting Tree Producer Associations Involved in Private Commercial Forestry in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvester Ngome Chisika ◽  
Chunho Yeom
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
The Government

Formal tree producer associations are critical for the sustainable management of private commercial farm forests in Kenya. However, there is limited information on their current status and the key factors driving their operations in the country. This paper sought to address this informational gap by reviewing the existing literature in the country from the theoretical background of sustainable development and later validating the obtained findings with the current state of knowledge at regional and global levels. Results from document content analysis indicate that there are over 10,000 tree growing farmers organized into planting groups across the country after many years of piloting by the government and private sector players. At the national level, there are two associations. These include Kenya Forest Growers Association (KEFGA), mainly composed of large scale planters, and Farm Forestry Smallholder Producers Association of Kenya (FFSPAK), targeting small-holders. Besides these two, six major sub-national associations are seeking to improve members' welfare by enhancing the acquisition of livelihood assets. Further, various socio-cultural, economic, and political factors affect their operations in Kenya. These associations have deployed multiple strategies to benefit their members. However, the formation of savings and credit cooperative societies (SACCOs) seems to be their preferred mode of community empowerment. In conclusion, even though these associations are still at the infancy stage, their future remains promising in-view of the observed behavioral change in their governance, which appears to favor entrenched equality and equity towards sustainable development.

scholarly journals Sektor energetyczny, a wyzwania zrównoważonego rozwoju – analiza przestrzennego zróżnicowania sytuacji w UE w oparciu o wybrane wskaźniki

2018 ◽  
Vol 18(33) (3) ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Łukasz Kozar
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
The Subject

The article presents selected issues currently discussed in the field of sustainable development in the European Union, and related at the same time to the energy sector. Therefore, the issues of resource efficiency and energy efficiency, energy production from renewable sources, or social exclusion caused by the lack of access to affordable energy sources were discussed. In addition to the analysis of the literature on the subject, the ranking of the European Union countries (EU-28) in terms of the level of development of the energy sector in the context of sustainable development was presented. For this purpose, a multidimensional comparative analysis was carried out using 8 indicators selected in the course of theoretical analysis concerning social, economic and environmental aspects related to the development of the energy sector. The time scope of the analysis covered 2016 (data availability). The source of values of the adopted variables was Eurostat. The analyzes carried out showed that the best situation in the energy sector compared to all of the countries surveyed was characterized by Denmark.

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