scholarly journals AN IMPLEMENTATION PROPOSAL OF INNOVATIVE PRICING IN GREEK COASTAL SHIPPING

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Ioannis SITZIMIS
Keyword(s):  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Coastal Shipping ◽  
Pareto Efficient ◽  
Ticket Prices

Greek coastal shipping is an industry which passed from the state regulatory interference to market forces. Its fare structure (tariff) was based on average (or total) cost and distance was the representative cost variable. As it is an industry facing strong economies of scale, average cost is higher than marginal cost. This means that companies equalizing prices to marginal cost, following Pareto–efficient allocation of resources, are driven to losses and are forced to seek other methods of efficient pricing policy. The purpose of this article is to examine the implementation of “innovative” pricing in Greek coastal shipping. “Innovative” pricing contains applicable measures in order to increase ticket prices in “peak” periods without affecting the level of quality, the number of passengers and the market share. The analysis results show that average fare will not necessarily raise. Ticket increases may be accompanied by quantitative discounts in periods of low demand. In these cases, “season tickets” can be applied.

Variation in Average Costs among Federally Sponsored State-Organized Cancer Detection Programs: Economies of Scale?

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 67-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Mansley ◽  
Diane O. Duñet ◽  
Daniel S. May ◽  
Sajal K. Chattopadhyay ◽  
Matthew T. Mckenna
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cancer Detection ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Societal Cost ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Output Level

Background Societal cost-effectiveness analysis and its variants help decision makers achieve an efficient allocation of resources across the set of all possible health interventions. Sometimes, however, decision makers are focused instead on the efficient allocation of resources within a particular intervention program that has already been implemented. This is especially true when the intervention is being delivered at several different sites. An analysis of average cost across program sites may help program officials to maximize the health benefits that can be achieved with limited resources. In this article, the authors present such an analysis, with special attention paid to the possible existence and implications of economies of scale. Methods Focusing on federally sponsored, state-organized cancer detection programs, the authors modeled 19 state programs as productive processes and examined their average costs over a 2- to 5-year period of operation. They considered 3 alternative definitions of output: women served, screens performed, and conditions detected. Average federal costs and average total costs were estimated for each grant period. Multivariate regression analysis was used to help explain the variation in average costs. Results The average cost estimates were distributed in a skewed pattern with the majority of observations falling close to the median and substantially below the mean. For all measures considered, average cost decreased as output expanded. This inverse relationship between average cost and output level persisted even after controlling for the effects of other predictors, suggesting the possible existence of economies of scale. Discussion The potential existence of economies of scale calls into question the assumption of a constant average cost frequently made in economic analyses of proposed public health programs. It also implies that a) differences in output level should be taken into account when comparing operating efficiency across program sites; b) conclusions from societal cost-effectiveness analyses may depend on the level of output at which the programs are evaluated; c) cost projections could be inaccurate if they do not take into account the decrease in average cost that occurs as output expands; and d) gains might be possible if similar programs with limited output potential are integrated, perhaps through cost sharing.

scholarly journals How big is the difference between marginal cost versus total cost estimates? the case of ischemic stroke in south carolina (SC)

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. A281
Author(s):  
A.N. Simpson ◽  
H.S. Bonilha ◽  
A.S. Kazley ◽  
J.S. Zoller ◽  
C. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Difference

Healthcare in Rural Manitoba: Resources and Related Issues of Access

1989 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
John M. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Healthcare Resources ◽  
Hospital Medical ◽  
Publicly Insured

This paper reviews the existing allocation of healthcare resources to and within rural Manitoba. The geographic distribution of hospital, medical and long-term care resources is described and discussed in relation to widely held perceptions of continuing problems in access to publicly insured care among residents of rural communities. Opportunities for more effective and efficient allocation of resources are identified, including various arrangements for sharing both facilities and personnel between communities.

scholarly journals Government as a Key Duty Bearer in Transition Reforms from Socialism to Capitalism-The Case of Albania

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (32) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Arlinda Ymeraj
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Socialist System ◽  
The Government ◽  
Effective Distribution

The paper “Government as a key duty bearer in transition reforms from socialism to capitalism – the case of Albania”, addresses the way in which the government should exercise its power to ensure that citizens have equal access to social welfare services, enjoying their rights. Albania, like other Central and Eastern European countries experienced the past socialist system, which failed. The failure of the socialist system was the failure of the state: in political, economic and social terms. As far as economic policies are concerned, all data demonstrate the collapse of socialism, because the system was based on inefficiency, which eroded growth. Regardless of the principles of communist regimes adopted in former communist countries’ Constitutions, the past system brought neither equity nor justice, and therefore instead of “social cohesion”, the contradictions among social groups and categories, deepened. After the failure of socialism, Albania embarked on the new path aimed at establishing democratic regimes through the protection of human rights and at raising the standard of living. Albania has been proactive in ratifying international conventions relating to human rights in general and to vulnerable groups. Very recently, on June 2014, the European Council granted Albania candidate status, as a recognition for the reform steps undertaken in harmonizing its domestic organic laws and legislation with international standards. As part of these twin obligations from UN intergovernmental and EU processes, Albanian governments after the 90s have been progressively taking measures vis-à-vis efficient allocation of resources and effective distribution of social welfare. Nevertheless, Albanian citizens live in a dire reality. Therefore, after 25 years of transition, one of the main goals of reforms, “Efficient allocation of resources to boost growth and effective distribution of social welfare to enhance equity”, seems not to have been achieved. Undoubtedly, this influences the controversial opinions about the government’s control vis-à-vis government’s mode of functioning, advancing arguments that examine whether it is a question of abuse or that of concentration of power.

scholarly journals From Flying Doctor to Virtual Doctor: An Economic Perspective on Australia's Telemedicine Experience

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 249-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
K van Gool ◽  
M R Haas ◽  
R Viney
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Funding Mechanisms ◽  
Funding Environment

Current funding mechanisms can impede the efficient use and integration of telemedicine services. Telemedicine has developed in Australia against a background of complex funding arrangements and interwoven health-care responsibilities. These impediments are not unique to telemedicine but are accentuated by its ability to cover different locations, clinical areas and purposes. There is also a link between economic evaluation and funding mechanisms for telemedicine. While economic evaluations provide important information for the efficient allocation of resources, the funding environment in which telemedicine is established is also crucial in ensuring that services are efficient. Given these complexities, should telemedicine be funded? We conclude that this will depend on: the objectives and priorities of the health system; the efficiency of telemedicine relative to that of other forms of health-care delivery; and the funding environment. In terms of resource allocation processes, the optimum scenario is likely to be where the decision to invest in telemedicine services is made taking local needs into account, but where considerations such as market structure and network compatibility are examined on a broader scale and balanced against the principles of efficiency and equity.

Study on the Layout and Structure of the Waste Electronic Products Recycling Network

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 3613-3620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Xiao Zu ◽  
Shan Shan Jia ◽  
Zhe Li ◽  
Yue Jia
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Model ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Actual Condition ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Recycling Networks

The current recycling networks of the waste electronic products in China are analyzed from the view of the layout of the recycling center and the structure of recycling channel. The optimization model of an e-waste recycling network is established according to our national actual condition, and solved with simulated data. The results show that setting up detecting centers dispersedly can reduce the transportation amount of the waste electronic products and reduce transportation costs, and the relative concentration of recycling processing center can achieve economies of scale and lower the total cost.

scholarly journals Optimal selection policies for a sequence of candidate drugs

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (02) ◽  
pp. 359-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Charalambous ◽  
J. C. Gittins
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Optimal Selection ◽  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Optimal Policies ◽  
Efficient Allocations ◽  
Selection Of

Pharmaceutical companies have to face huge risks and enormous costs of production before they can produce a drug. Efficient allocation of resources is essential to help in maximizing profits. Yu and Gittins (2007) described a model and associated software for determining efficient allocations for a preclinical research project. This is the starting point for this paper. We provide explicit optimal policies for the selection of successive candidate drugs for two restricted versions of the Yu and Gittins (2007) model. To some extent these policies are likely to be applicable to the unrestricted model.

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