scholarly journals Importance of offshore wind farms Marmara Sea for Turkey’s renewable energy targets: a case study Marmara Sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Fatih Karipoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Potential

In Turkey, current energy generations are not sufficient for the existing energy needs and besides, energy demand is expected to increase by 4-6% percent annually until 2023. Therefore, the government aims to increase the ratio of renewable energy sources in total installed capacity to 30 percent by 2023. Turkey has three quarter seas around itself. So, Turkey has a high level offshore wind potential for energy generations. But there are not any offshore wind farms in Turkey seas. In this study, we aimed at assessing the viability of establishing offshore wind farms of Marmara Sea and to identify favorable sites for such farms using Geographical Information System (GIS) procedures and algorithms. GIS layers were created and a weighted overlay GIS model based on the above mentioned criteria was built to identify suitable sites for hosting a new offshore wind farm. Furthermore, EMODnet (the European Marine Observation and Data Network) and GWA (Global Wind Atlas) were employed for data acquisition to unlock fragmented and hidden marine data resources and to facilitate investment in sustainable coastal and offshore activities. Received technical, social and environmental data from different sources were processed in the GIS and we created the GIS-based model. Results showed that most of Marmara Sea offshore areas were unsuitable. There are only two suitable areas. It is apparent that the growth of offshore wind farms in Turkey will increase provided that the supporting mechanism and the necessary legislation are ensured.  

scholarly journals Strategic Planning of Offshore Wind Farms in Greece

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Spyridonidou ◽  
Dimitra G. Vagiona ◽  
Eva Loukogeorgaki
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Strategic Plan ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Potential ◽  
Investment Cost ◽  
Total Investment

In the present article, a new methodological framework for the efficient and sustainable exploitation of offshore wind potential was developed. The proposed integrated strategic plan was implemented for the first time at national spatial planning scale in Greece. The methodological approach is performed through geographical information systems (GIS) and Microsoft Project Server Software and includes five distinct stages: (i) definition of vision/mission, (ii) identification of appropriate areas for offshore wind farms’ (OWFs) siting, (iii) determination of the OWFs’ layout, (iv) calculation of the OWFs’ (projects) total investment cost and, finally, (v) portfolio analysis. The final outcome of the proposed strategic planning is the prioritization of the proposed sixteen offshore wind projects based on their strategic value, as well as the estimation of the overall investment cost of the entire portfolio. High economic, socio-political and environmental benefits could be achieved through the implementation of only 60% of the total investment capital of the proposed strategic plan.

scholarly journals Multi-Criteria Fuzzy Evaluation of the Planned Offshore Wind Farm Investments in Poland

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 978
Author(s):  
Paweł Ziemba
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Fuzzy Evaluation ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Multi Criteria Evaluation ◽  
Total Capacity ◽  
Polish Economy

In recent years, the dynamic development of renewable energy has been visible all over the world, including Poland. Wind energy is one of the most used renewable energy sources. In Poland, by 2030, it is planned to commission at least six offshore wind farms with a total capacity of 3.8 GW. It is estimated that these investments will increase Poland’s GDP by approximately PLN 60 billion and increase tax revenues by PLN 15 billion. Therefore, they could be a strong stimulus for the development of the Polish economy and may be of great importance in recovering from the crisis caused by the economic constraints related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the article is a multi-criteria evaluation of the investments planned in Poland in offshore wind farms and identification of potentially the most economically effective investments. To account for the uncertainty in this decision problem, a modified fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method was used and a comprehensive sensitivity analysis was performed. As a result of the research, a ranking of the considered projects was constructed and the most preferred investments were identified. Moreover, it has been shown that all the investments considered are justified and recommended.

scholarly journals A Review of Rapid Distortion Theory

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L. Basu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Rapid Distortion Theory ◽  
Wake Turbulence ◽  
Counter Rotation ◽  
Increasing Demand

Abstract. With the depleting non-renewable fuel sources like coal and an ever-increasing demand for energy, we need to start looking into renewable energy sources. These are of paramount importance for a sustainable and green future. Wind Energy is one of the most important sources of renewable energy. But, setting up a wind farm requires considerable land area and land acquisitions are often faced with legal hurdles. This necessitates setting up offshore wind turbines. But, when we talk about offshore wind farms, we need to address the age-old phenomenon: “Turbulence”. Presently, we are trying to develop enhanced controllers for wind farms which will increase the efficiency of the wind farms. The effects of rapidly changing wake aerodynamics i.e. breakdown of strong tip and hub vortices mixed up with low intensity turbulence in the inflow of the rotor and counter-rotation of the wake i.e. determinate velocity component in wake turbulence field will affect the overall performance of the wind farm. This paper provides a brief review on Rapid Distortion Theory (RDT) to model the turbulence.

scholarly journals Optimization of Wind Turbine Interconnections in an Offshore Wind Farm Using Metaheuristic Algorithms

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chakib El Mokhi ◽  
Adnane Addaim
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Network Routing ◽  
Metaheuristic Algorithms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms

Wind energy is currently one of the fastest-growing renewable energy sources in the world. For this reason, research on methods to render wind farms more energy efficient is reasonable. The optimization of wind turbine positions within wind farms makes the exploitation of wind energy more efficient and the wind farms more competitive with other energy resources. The investment costs alone for substation and electrical infrastructure for offshore wind farms run around 15–30% of the total investment costs of the project, which are considered high. Optimizing the substation location can reduce these costs, which also minimizes the overall cable length within the wind farm. In parallel, optimizing the cable routing can provide an additional benefit by finding the optimal grid network routing. In this article, the authors show the procedure on how to create an optimized wind farm already in the design phase using metaheuristic algorithms. Besides the optimization of wind turbine positions for more energy efficiency, the optimization methods of the substation location and the cable routing for the collector system to avoid cable losses are also presented.

scholarly journals Foundations in Offshore Wind Farms: Evolution, Characteristics and Range of Use. Analysis of Main Dimensional Parameters in Monopile Foundations

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Sánchez ◽  
José-Santos López-Gutiérrez ◽  
Vicente Negro ◽  
M. Dolores Esteban
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
General View ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind Power ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbines ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Future ◽  
Dimensional Parameters

Renewable energies are the future, and offshore wind is undoubtedly one of the renewable energy sources for the future. Foundations of offshore wind turbines are essential for its right development. There are several types: monopiles, gravity-based structures, jackets, tripods, floating support, etc., being the first ones that are most used up to now. This manuscript begins with a review of the offshore wind power installed around the world and the exposition of the different types of foundations in the industry. For that, a database has been created, and all the data are being processed to be exposed in clear graphic summarizing the current use of the different foundation types, considering mainly distance to the coast and water depth. Later, the paper includes an analysis of the evolution and parameters of the design of monopiles, including wind turbine and monopile characteristics. Some monomials are considered in this specific analysis and also the soil type. So, a general view of the current state of monopile foundations is achieved, based on a database with the offshore wind farms in operation.

scholarly journals Artificial Reef Effect in relation to Offshore Renewable Energy Conversion: State of the Art

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Langhamer
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Artificial Reefs ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
New Habitats

The rapid worldwide growth of offshore renewable energy production will provide marine organisms with new hard substrate for colonization, thus acting as artificial reefs. The artificial reef effect is important when constructing, for example, scour protections since it can generate an enhanced habitat. Specifically, artificial structures can create increased heterogeneity in the area important for species diversity and density. Offshore energy installations also have the positive side effect as they are a sanctuary area for trawled organisms. Higher survival of fish and bigger fish is an expected outcome that can contribute to a spillover to outer areas. One negative side effect is that invasive species can find new habitats in artificial reefs and thus influence the native habitats and their associated environment negatively. Different scour protections in offshore wind farms can create new habitats compensating for habitat loss by offshore energy installations. These created habitats differ from the lost habitat in species composition substantially. A positive reef effect is dependent on the nature and the location of the reef and the characteristics of the native populations. An increase in surface area of scour protections by using specially designed material can also support the reef effect and its productivity.

scholarly journals Greening offshore wind with the Smart Wind Chart evaluation tool

Web Ecology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takvor Soukissian ◽  
Sofia Reizopoulou ◽  
Paraskevi Drakopoulou ◽  
Panagiotis Axaopoulos ◽  
Flora Karathanasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farms ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Wind Potential ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Impact On Biodiversity

Abstract. The development of offshore wind farms (OWFs) and the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) comprise two main elements for the production of clean energy, and the simultaneous maintenance and protection of biodiversity in the Mediterranean and Black seas. Successful, efficient, and sustainable coupling of these two aspects presumes that the criteria for selecting suitable locations for the deployment of OWFs should not only include technical-engineering terms (e.g. high wind energy efficiency, bottom suitability, inland infrastructures) but also ecological–environmental considerations (e.g. the least possible impact on biodiversity, ecosystem functioning) and socio-economic aspects (e.g. effects on coastal and marine activities, development of marine spatial planning). In the context of the FP7 CoCoNet project, the integration between OWFs and MPAs is based on four main steps: (i) the identification of existing (networks of) MPAs focusing on the biodiversity distribution patterns and current legislation, (ii) the coupling of offshore wind potential within networks of MPAs, (iii) the evaluation of the knowledge gained up to date and the theoretical approaches at the two pilot sites of the Mediterranean and Black sea basins, and (iv) the development of the "Smart Wind Chart", a convenient and rational tool addressed to scientists and policy makers for the evaluation of maritime policy management schemes. The latter step comprises the core of this work.

scholarly journals A multicriteria approach to evaluate offshore wind farms siting in Greece

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Wind Velocity ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms

Wind energy offers significant potential for greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Most applications have been developed onshore but the planning and siting conflicts with other land uses have created considerable interest and motivated research to offshore wind energy establishments. In this paper, a systematic methodology in order to investigate the most efficient areas of offshore wind farms’ siting in Greece is performed, integrating multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools. In the first level of analysis, all coastal areas that don’t fulfill a certain set of criteria (wind velocity, protected areas, water depth) are identified with the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and excluded from further analysis. The Analytical Hierarchy Process is performed in the evaluation phase and pairwise comparisons provide the most appropriate sites to locate offshore wind farms. Information concerning evaluation criteria (average wind velocity, distance to protected areas, distance to ship routes, distance to the shore and distance of possible connection to the existing electricity network) is retrieved through GIS, eliminating the subjectivity in judgments. The whole methodology contributes to the portrait of the geographic analysis and stands as the last image of the space characteristics suitable for offshore wind farms.

Application of Offshore Concrete Constructions for Ocean Renewable Energy Storage (ORES)

2014 ◽  
Vol 521 ◽  
pp. 703-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Feng Li ◽  
Su Hua Ma ◽  
Xiao Dong Shen
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Excess Energy ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Ocean Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Storage

Storage of energy generated by offshore wind farms still addresses one of the vexing problems inherent in offshore renewable energy such as offshore wind or solar energy how to store excess energy. Researchers tried to apply concrete in the energy storage of offshore wind farm recently, including the OTEC artificial energy islands, the MITS Ocean Renewable Energy Storage (ORES) and Belgiums energy atoll, and the progresses were reviewed.

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