Analysis of alternative selection for vertical clearance design under Tabalong Bridge of PT Adaro Indonesia

PT Adaro Indonesia is trying to adjust a vertical clearance under Tabalong Bridge 1 (unloaded) and Tabalong Bridge 2 (loaded) because the existing conditions still apply a minimum vertical clearance of 4 m. I t should be in accordance with latest Regulation of the Minister of Public Works No. 19/PRT/M/2011 that for vertical clearance above national road at least 5.1 m. This specification has not been met by the national road under the Tabalong 1 & 2 Bridges bec ause both bridges were built in the 90s. Therefore we need an engineering technique to overcome this. There are 2 alternative designs, namely lowering the elevation of the national road and increasing the elevation of the bridge's upper structure to mitiga te oversized vehicles so as not to hit the lower structure of the Tabalong bridge. In determining the selection of the best alternative designs in this research is based on two (2) things, non financial criteria with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and financial criteria with Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)/Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) method. This study uses a survey method by distributing questionnaires and interviews as a means of collecting primary data. In addition, previous research and consultant DED documents were used as a means of collecting secondary data. The AHP method is used to process primary data to produce a decision from a non financial aspect. While the LCC/BCR method is used to process secondary data to produce a decision from the financi al aspect . The results of the AHP analysis obtained that the synthesis value of the decision the option of lowering national roads was 85% and the bridge lifting option was 15% and the consistency ratio (CR) was 0.05 < 0.1. The consistency ratio below 0.1 shows that the questionnaire data from the respondents are consistent. The results of the analysis of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) obtained the option of lowering national roads where the LCC value is Rp. 44,877,651,669.27 more economical than the bridge lifting option. Then the results of the Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) analysis obtained the option of lowering national roads with a BCR value of 2.33 > 1 and NPV = Rp. 43,442,264,804.34 > 1 means that the option lowering national roads is feasible. While the bridge li fting option is obtained by analyzing the value of BCR = 0.98 < 1 and NPV = option is not feasible to implement.

The application of multiple parallel diodes to control large currents

This paper discusses a few issues concerning diodes and their application in electric circuits. Considering voltage and current restrictions, experimental and theoretical efforts are made to safely apply semiconducting diodes in circuits working with large current regimes. Combinations of diodes and protecting resistors connected in series and parallel have demonstrated to be of great help with the task of controlling electric currents. To this aim, several activities have enabled participants to observe and measure, or to calculate and display valuable data. Therefore, important class conclusions are stated.

Supporting Classification of Software Requirements system Using Intelligent Technologies Algorithms

The important first stage in the life cycle of a program is gathering and analysing requirements for creating or developing a system. The classification of program needs is a crucial step that will be used later in the design and implementation phases. The classification process may be done manually, which takes a lot of time, effort, and money, or it can be done automatically using intelligent approaches, which takes a lot less time, effort, and money. Building a system that supports the needs classification process automatically is a crucial part of software development. The goal of this research is to look into the many automatic classification approaches that are currently available. To assist researchers and software developers in selecting the suitable requirement categorization approach, those requirements were divided into functional and non-functional requirements. since natural language is full of ambiguity and is not well defined, and has no regular structure, it is considered somewhat variable. This paper presents machine requirement classification where system development requirements are categorized into functional and non-functional requirements by using two machine learning approaches. During this research paper, MATLAB 2020a was used, as well as the study's results indicate When applying Multinomial Naive Bayes technology, the model achieves the highest accuracy of 95.55 %,93.09 % sensitivity, and 96.48 % precision, However, when using Logist Regression, the suggested model has a classification accuracy of 91.23 %,91.54 % sensitivity, and 94.32 % precision.

Effect of feed rate and depth of cut on face milling process on surface roughness of Al-Mg alloy using CNC milling machine 3 axis

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of feed rate and depth of cut on the surface roughness of Al-Mg aluminum using a DIY CNC Milling Machine and Krisbow Universal Milling Machine as a comparison. The open-loop control system is a control system used in the design of DIY CNC Milling machines. A PC with Mach3 software is used as a PC Based Direct Digital Controller to control the system. In this study, the feed rate variation 24 mm/minute and 42 mm/minute and depth of cut 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.75 mm were used. After the face milling process, the surface roughness test was carried out using the Mitoyo Surface Roughness Tester to determine the level of surface roughness of the machining results the DIY Milling Machine and Krisbow Universal Milling Machine as a comparison. The results showed that as the feed rate and depth of cut increased, the surface roughness values of both tools increased.

Enhancing the aesthetic aspect of the solar systems used as facades for building by designing multi-layer optical coatings

The design of zero-energy buildings can be depending on the effective integration of solar energy systems with building envelopes, where these systems save heat and electricity as well as enhance the aesthetic aspect of the facades. In this paper, the aspects related to the effective integration of buildings with solar energy systems (solar cells and collectors) will be discussed, as well as enhancing the aesthetic aspect of the facades, and since solar energy systems are visible to everyone, their design must adapt to the building structure and the surrounding environment. Solar energy system designers, architects, physicists and other contributors to building energy envelopes must consider the comprehensive concept of it, where buildings are part of the human and social environment and in close relationship with the natural environment, through the use of thin films technology through the design of multi-layers colored optical coatings covering solar panels for building facades. Accordingly, the energy sector should be seen as an area of aesthetic creativity. Two dielectric materials were used, the first is ThF4 with a high refractive index (1.5143) and the second is LiF with a low refractive index (1.393) and for several odd layers, starting from 3 layers and up to 21 layers and for a thicknesses of a quarter wavelength. The design Air/L/H/Glass was applied by the Mat Lab program for the seven colors of the spectrum, So, the aim of this research is determined in designing colored optical coatings for solar systems that enhance the aesthetic aspect of building facades, as well as generating thermal and electrical energy needed to operate the buildings and to find out which color has the best visible reflectivity and solar transmittance better than the rest of the spectrum, all the results exhibit that yellow color has the higher visible reflectivity and higher merit factor, so it is consider the most efficient color for coloring the solar systems than the rest of colors spectrum.

The efficiency of gas injection into low-permeability multilayer hydrocarbon reservoirs

The efficiency of gas injection for developing terrigenous deposits within a multilayer producing object is investigated in this article. According to the results of measurements of the 3D hydrodynamic compositional model, an assessment of the oil recovery factor was made. In the studied conditions, re-injection of the associated gas was found to be the most technologically efficient working agent. The factors contributing to the inefficacy of traditional methods of stimulating oil production such as multistage hydraulic fracturing when used to develop low-permeability reservoirs have been analyzed. The factors contributing to the inefficiency of traditional oil-production stimulation methods, such as multistage hydraulic fracturing, have been analysed when they are applied to low-permeability reservoirs. The use of a gas of various compositions is found to be more effective as a working agent for reservoirs with permeability less than 0.005 µm2. Ultimately, the selection of an agent for injection into the reservoir should be driven by the criteria that allow assessing the applicability of the method under specific geological and physical conditions. In multilayer production objects, gas injection efficiency is influenced by a number of factors, in addition to displacement, including the ratio of gas volumes, the degree to which pressure is maintained in each reservoir, as well as how the well is operated. With the increase in production rate from 60 to 90 m3 / day during the re-injection of produced hydrocarbon gas, this study found that the oil recovery factor increased from 0.190 to 0.229. The further increase in flow rate to 150 m3 / day, however, led to a faster gas breakthrough, a decrease in the amount of oil produced, and a decrease in the oil recovery factor to 0.19 Based on the results of the research, methods for stimulating the formation of low-permeability reservoirs were ranked based on their efficacy.

Comparing the use of modern and traditional building design systems in construction projects

Any construction project through several stages, starting from the feasibilitystudy stage to the project delivery stage, as the most critical stage that must be focused on is the design stage. It was essential to adopt modern and advanced programs at the design stage to avoid problems and claims between the employer and the contractor due to changes and errors that occur in the project—design process. BIM is one of the modern technologies with many benefits that can be used to solve these errors and obstacles. This research aims to clarify the effectiveness of introducing the BIM system in the design stage of the construction building by comparing it with traditional CAD systems. In this research, ten different actual projects were studied in the architectural design stage to be used in the comparison process between BIM and CAD systems. The researcher reached a set of results, including that introducing the (BIM) in the architectural and structural design stage can reduce the time required to produce design documents by up to (67.6%). This study is helpful for all governmental and private design companies and encourages decision-makers to use the BIM system.

Virtual Indication of the Torque for a Marine Gas Turbine

Gas turbines are used in marine applications where high propulsion power is required compared to engine size and mass. In some cases, the torque and engine power developed cannot be measured with a special transducer implemented in applications or if there are indications, they need to be compared with the calculated torque indication. For this purpose, we developed in the engine control software application a mathematical model for calculating and displaying the torque and power developed by the engine. Through comparisons in the tests with the engine on the test bench, this mathematical model was refined. At this time the comparative sampled data can be used as a virtual indication of torque in cases where this is necessary.

A Network-Based Model for Mitigating Traffic Jams in Road Networks

In recent years, the city of Mosul, which is the capital city of Nineveh province in the North of Iraq, had witnessed an unstable situation (e.g., wars, internal conflicts) that led to destructing most of the infrastructure including city roads. In addition, the population of Mosul is currently concentrated on the east coast of the city. Therefore, this situation has caused a server traffic jam and the roads have become overloaded, which is time-wasting when accessing a particular place in the city. In this analytical study, the roads of the east coast of Mosul city are modeled in the form of a Road Network. The proposed approach is based on concepts inspired from Complex Networks and their measurements such as clustering coefficient, betweenness, degree, and closeness. The dataset of this work was collected from Google Earth with the support of governmental offices and road-experienced individuals. The created network represents the road network of Mosul city. In the results, suggestions and recommendations are provided, which can contribute to alleviating the problem of traffic congestion in the city of Mosul. The provided suggestions do not need a high cost because the proposed approach benefits the current road networks with few modifications. The proposed approach is applicable to any city of interest.

Innovation and Technology needs for the oil and gas industry in Peru

Peru experienced the oil rush due to the discovery of reserves, but since the Camisea project was found in the Cuzco region, oil has been in decline, Peru is rated too low competitiveness rates below countries such as Ecuador and Colombia. The hydrocarbons sector accounted for 54% of the total energy tender in 2012. The oil and gas industry has advanced technologically. Today, the technological challenges are focused on taking advantage of unconventional resources having a strong focus on process safety, environmental management, and fuel quality. In a new era of high volatility in the oil and gas price, technology is crucial to maximizing the value; among them, the Modernization Project of the Talara Refinery and its process is announced. Peru is perfecting technologies to take advantage of gas and oil that are difficult to access so that its role in the Peruvian economy is fundamental.