scholarly journals Algunas reflexiones sobre las distintas alternativas existentes para financiar el mantenimiento y conservación de las carreteras españolas

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-136
Author(s):  
Javier ESTEBAN RÍOS
Keyword(s):  
Financing System ◽  
Essential Characteristic ◽  
User Charges ◽  
Road Users

LABURPENA: Zenbait finantzaketa-eredu daude Espainiako errepideak mantentzeko eta zaintzeko, eta horiek oinarrituta daude bideen erabiltzaileentzat doakoak izatean edo azpiegitura horiek erabiltzearen truke ordaintzean. Zer aukera hautatzen dugun, finantzaketa-sistema orok funtsezko ezaugarri berak bete behar ditu, nahitaezkoa baita irizpide egonkorrak, aurresangarriak eta proportzionalak betetzea. Ildo horretatik, dauden finantzaketa-formula guztiak aztertzen ditu lan honek, eta ahalegintzen da bakoitzaren zailtasunak eta bertuteak agerian uzten; egiaztatutako arazoak arintzeko tresna juridikoak eskaintzen ditu, halaber. Bereziki, errepideak aurrekontu orokorren kontura finantzatzea edo tasak (bideen erabileraren iraupenaren arabera) edo bidesariak (erabiltzaileek ibilitako zatia) erabiltzea aztertuko da. ABSTRACT: There are different financing models for the maintenance of Spanish roads, which are based either on gratuity for road users or on payment for the use of such infrastructures. Regardless of the alternative chosen, the essential characteristic which any financing system must meet are identical, requiring submission to stable, predictable and proportional criteria. In this sense, the paper addresses the different financing formula, trying to highlight their difficulties and virtues, as well as offering legal tools in order to mitigate any problems that may arise. In particular, the work will analyse the financing of roads from general budgets, the implementation of user charges - linked to the duration of road use - or the use of tolls - which are levied on the distance travelled by road users. RESUMEN: Existen distintos modelos de financiación para el mantenimiento y conservación de las carreteras españolas, que se sustentan bien en la gratuidad para los usuarios de las vías o bien en el pago por el uso de dichas infraestructuras. Con independencia de la alternativa escogida, las características esenciales con las que ha de cumplir todo sistema de financiación son idénticas, exigiéndose el sometimiento a criterios estables, predecibles y proporcionales. En este sentido, el presente trabajo aborda las distintas fórmulas de financiación posibles, tratando de poner de manifiesto las dificultades y virtudes de las mismas, así como ofreciendo herramientas jurídicas para mitigar los problemas que pudieran constatarse. En particular, se analizará la financiación de carreteras con cargo a presupuestos generales o el recurso a tasas –vinculadas a la duración del uso de las vías– o a peajes –que gravan la distancia recorrida por los usuarios.

scholarly journals Challenges of raising road maintenance funds in developing countries: An analysis of road tolling in Zimbabwe

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Mbara ◽  
M. Nyarirangwe ◽  
T. Mukwashi
Keyword(s):  
International Markets ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Road User ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Service Levels ◽  
User Charges ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Trunk Road ◽  
The Government

The condition of Zimbabwe's roads has been declining due to insufficient maintenance and rehabilitation. Year on year, budget allocations have compared unfavourably with funding considered adequate to maintain highway networks and conduct modest construction work. Road infrastructure shortcomings have manifested themselves in the form of high vehicle operating costs and rampant potholes, leading to a decline in road safety and a deterioration of service levels for those who use roads to deliver goods or connect to international markets. In order to try and stop this vicious cycle of decline, the Government of Zimbabwe, on 8 August 2009, introduced a new policy of road-user charges, which involved the setting-up of 22 toll gates on the trunk road network. The overall objective was to raise revenue in order to close the funding gap, blamed for declining road quality. Although alternative methods of financing road maintenance have been debated for years, a generally accepted understanding is that road users should pay costs for road provisioning. This paper assesses the implementation of a road tolling system in Zimbabwe and describes matters relating to, inter alia, implementation strategy, initial performance outcomes and sustainability.

scholarly journals Funding for roads: Understanding the South African road funding framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann A. Van Rensburg ◽  
Stephan C. Krygsman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Road User ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
The Road ◽  
User Charges ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Budget Analysis ◽  
Infrastructure Policy ◽  
Future Technologies ◽  
The Impact

Background: A good quality road network holds numerous benefits to any country, but is dependent on sufficient and stable modes of funding and adequate financing. Funding for roads in South Africa is complex, controversial and faces different viewpoints. In this environment, it is difficult to implement any new form of road user charges, including the user-pay principle, or promote a sustainable road infrastructure policy framework.Objectives: This article examined the road funding framework in South Africa to fully understand its capability to fund the country’s road infrastructure network while quantifying and presenting the linkage between road-generated income, its distribution, allocation and the expenditure of these funds through a consolidated report and comparing the country’s income and expenditure on roads to international standards.Method: Numerous financial statements were assessed through a budget analysis to present the current road funding framework in South Africa in terms of the income generated from the road sector, its allocation, distribution and the expenditure of these funds. Local road funding trends were then compared with selected countries in terms of road-generated income, its allocation and expenditure.Results: South Africa’s current road funding framework collects a substantial amount from road users, but there is a mismatch between road-generated income collected and governmental road expenditure. Furthermore, South Africa’s road expenditure in not outside the norm compared to international countries.Conclusion: Investigation into the effectiveness of South Africa’s current road cost recovery methods is needed, and the impact of future technologies on its income-generating potential must be examined.

A FRAMEWORK TO EVALUATE ROAD USERS’ SATISFACTION LEVEL

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suthathip Suanmali ◽  
◽  
Veeris Ammarapala ◽  
Paphitchaya Kobsanthia ◽  
Theerarat Siriaramsakul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satisfaction Level ◽  
Road Users

Specifics of creating an effective system of project financing of innovation and investment activities of dairy subcomplex enterprises

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1951-1969
Author(s):  
S.A. Chernikova
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Project Financing ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Management Of Innovation ◽  
Effective System ◽  
The Impact

Subject. The article considers the need to study the financing of investment and innovation processes and creating an effective system of project financing. Objectives. The purpose is to search for new opportunities to enhance the competitive advantages of enterprises of the dairy subcomplex, to ensure their financial stability and steady position in specialized agricultural food-product markets. Methods. The study draws on the theoretical and methodological approach to the impact of project management of innovation and investment activities on improving the efficiency of the project financing system and financial stability of enterprises operating in the dairy subcomplex. Results. The findings show that four levels can be distinguished in the formation and improvement of the system of project financing and the management of innovation and investment activities, depending on the depth of transformation. The principle that provides the integration of the said system with the current model of management of the dairy subcomplex enterprise is defined as a driver. The paper offers a number of levels of the system transformation to gain competitive advantages. Conclusions. I present a mechanism for creating and improving the system of project financing and the management of innovation and investment activities, and a mechanism for interaction of the network of automated information systems, intended to make management decisions, with the automation of information support to innovative solutions.

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF VENTURE FINANCING SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Mehri Vokhidova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Venture Capital ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Venture Financing

This article examines the first stage of the formation of venture capital in Uzbekistan and the possibilities of applying the experience of Israel in the development of venture financing in the country

An Assessment of the Distribution of Public-Sector Educational Investment in Pakistan: 1970-71 - 1982-83 (Review Article, Note, Comment)

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-192
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan ◽  
Naushin Mahmood ◽  
Rehana Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Educational Planning ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Planning Theory ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Educational Investment ◽  
User Charges ◽  
Partial Success

Planning documents for the Seventies emphasized the importance of primary education and the curtailment of the mushrooming growth at the higher level. Our review suggests that this policy has had only partial success in implementation. Viewed in the context of educational planning theory and the evidence available for Pakistan, the policy is found to be sound. While the benefits of a correct distribution of investment within the educational sector are self-evident, resource constraints have been leading to an overall underinvestment in the educational sector. We show that Pakistan's public sector education is highly subsidized and so to supplement the limited resources devoted to it, we recommend, as a possible solution, a selective application of user charges.

КОНФЛИКТОГЕННЫЕ ЗОНЫ В СИСТЕМЕ СРЕДНЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ НА ЭТАПЕ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ПРОЕКТА: РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ АСПЕКТ

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Л. М. Низова ◽  
К. С. Виногорова
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
School Library ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
National Project ◽  
Education Management ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Additional Education

The priorities and problems of the implementation of the national project “Education” at the level of a comprehensive school in the region are investigated. The factors of the origin of conflict zones and types of conflicts based on the analysis of contradictions of the opinions of scientists are revealed. The role of unity and struggle of opposites as a phenomenon of overcoming conflicts is determined. Based on the author’s monitoring of the education management system in the Mari El Republic, the positive and negative dynamics of the number of educational organizations studying in them and in the system of additional education over the past five years, the enrollment of students in specialized education, as well as the dynamics of participants in the regional and final stage of the All-Russian Olympiad of schoolchildren were revealed. Particular attention is paid to the study of the state of modernization of the regional system of general education in the framework of the national project, highlighting such priorities as computerization, replenishment of the school library stock, improving the quality of education and developing the personnel potential of the industry. According to the authors, the resolution of such problems as the creation of effective mechanisms for financing educational services in organizations with a weak social infrastructure, the availability of high-quality education, the low attractiveness of working conditions and the level of salaries of teachers, and others remain incomplete. To eliminate them, it is necessary to apply such measures as the further development of innovative forms of the education system, the strengthening of interdepartmental bodies and organizations to increase the educational needs of the population, the creation of a specialized financing system for the modernization of educational institutions, as well as the increase in the level of professionalism of teachers. Their actualization at the present stage contributes to the reduction of conflict zones in the education system.

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