An Assessment of the Distribution of Public-Sector Educational Investment in Pakistan: 1970-71 - 1982-83 (Review Article, Note, Comment)

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-192
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan ◽  
Naushin Mahmood ◽  
Rehana Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Educational Planning ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Planning Theory ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Educational Investment ◽  
User Charges ◽  
Partial Success

Planning documents for the Seventies emphasized the importance of primary education and the curtailment of the mushrooming growth at the higher level. Our review suggests that this policy has had only partial success in implementation. Viewed in the context of educational planning theory and the evidence available for Pakistan, the policy is found to be sound. While the benefits of a correct distribution of investment within the educational sector are self-evident, resource constraints have been leading to an overall underinvestment in the educational sector. We show that Pakistan's public sector education is highly subsidized and so to supplement the limited resources devoted to it, we recommend, as a possible solution, a selective application of user charges.

Are entrepreneurial and market orientations of small and medium-sized enterprises associated with targeting different tiers of public procurement?

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Tammi ◽  
Helen Reijonen ◽  
Jani Saastamoinen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Market Orientation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
National Level ◽  
General View ◽  
Strategic Orientations

A general view is that small and medium-sized enterprises are underrepresented in public procurement due to their resource constraints. The recent literature suggests that small and medium-sized enterprises' strategic orientations could also have a role in the underrepresentation. In addition, small and medium-sized enterprises tend to position themselves either towards national or wider level public sector customers or towards sub-national level public sector customers. This paper studies how strategic orientations, namely entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation, affect small and medium-sized enterprises’ targeting of public sector customers, and how this affects their performance. Our findings show that market-oriented small and medium-sized enterprises tend to focus on sub-national level public sector customers, whereas entrepreneurially oriented small and medium-sized enterprises have more often national or wider level public sector customers. It also appears that higher performance is associated with national or wider level rather than sub-national level public sector customers. In consequence, more attention should be paid to the differentiation of public procurement markets in developing and refining policies aimed at increasing small and medium-sized enterprises participation in public procurement and at using public procurement as a means to strengthen small and medium-sized enterprises’ roles in promoting overall economic development.

scholarly journals Governing a just future: what and how to govern? – commentary to Jones

2019 ◽  
Vol 197 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
Pia Bäcklund
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Planning Theory ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Careful Scrutiny ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Societal Decision

In dealing with the topic of “governing the future”, it is fundamental to understand how different practices define justice in content as well as in processual sense. Premises of justification can be seen as essential indicators of the future direction of societal decision-making in governance networks, as well as in determining whose realities play a part when defining future imaginaries. We are dealing with a complex entity and we need to ask whether a future as such can be distinguished from how it is produced in different governing practices? I would also like to emphasize that the concept of ‘governance’ needs to be taken under careful scrutiny. Governance has not replaced government, as most often both of these management logics are present simultaneously. This is creating tensions within the public sector. My comments to the issues presented in Rhys Jones’ article (in this issue) are grounded in planning theory and my ongoing research concerning justification of new spatial planning practices in the Nordic countries.

A Review of Third Sector Reporting Frameworks

2019 ◽  
pp. 26-45
Author(s):  
Belinda Luke
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Social Reporting ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Third Sector Organizations ◽  
Reporting Framework ◽  
Dual Objectives

The need for social reporting in third sector organizations is widely acknowledged. However, there is little agreement on how best to approach this. While various social reporting frameworks are available, the resource constraints (primarily time and money) of third sector organizations such as social enterprises, many of which are small or micro enterprises, are often overlooked in the development of these frameworks. Accordingly, the purpose of this chapter is to review the appropriateness of available social reporting frameworks, in view of social enterprises' hybrid nature and often limited resources. Borrowing from the discipline of accounting, fundamental financial reporting concepts and principles are considered, underscoring the need for a general-purpose reporting framework appropriate for social enterprises' dual objectives, limited resources, and their diverse range of stakeholders.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY UNDER RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
A. O. KURUSHINA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Enterprise Development ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Economic Relations

This article examines the development of production and economic relations of the enterprise at the present stage in conditions of limited resources, the classification of resources, identifies several main strategies for the development of the enterprise. In addition, the reasons for the emergence of limited resources are analyzed.

The importance of timely diagnosis and replacement of medical equipment in healthcare institutions

2022 ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
I.P. Abysheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Medical Equipment ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The World ◽  
Provision Of Services

The health care system around the world, both in developed and developing countries, is struggling with the problem of managing the provision of health care in conditions of limited resources. The availability and use of various medical equipment at all levels of the healthcare system were emphasized for the efficient and high-quality provision of services. The main purpose of this review article is to assess the availability and use of medical devices and identify the registered causes affecting the availability and use of medical devices in healthcare institutions.

scholarly journals Low Latency Based Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network Model for Speech Command Recognition

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-673
Author(s):  
Chhayarani Ram Kinkar ◽  
Yogendra Kumar Jain
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Recurrent Neural Network ◽  
Neural Network Model ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Low Latency ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Memory Requirement ◽  
Proposed Model

The presented paper proposes a new speech command recognition model for novel engineering applications with limited resources. We built the proposed model with the help of a Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (CRNN). The use of CRNN instead of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) helps us to reduce the model parameters and memory requirement as per resource constraints. Furthermore, we insert transmute and curtailment layer between the layers of CRNN. By doing this we further reduce model parameters and float number of operations to half of the CRNN requirement. The proposed model is tested on Google’s speech command dataset. The obtained result shows that the proposed CRNN model requires 1/3 parameters as compared to the CNN model. The number of parameters of the CRNN model is further reduced by 45% and the float numbers of operations between 2% to 12 % in different recognition tasks. The recognition accuracy of the proposed model is 96% on Google’s speech command dataset, and on laboratory recording, its recognition accuracy is 89%.

scholarly journals Policy Coherence and Social Protection in Ethiopia: Ensuring No One Is Left Behind

Societies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melisew Lemma ◽  
Logan Cochrane
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Policy Coherence ◽  
Protection Policy ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Insight Into

Ethiopia has made a strong commitment to strengthen its social protection system. However, resource constraints pose significant challenges in seeking to meet the basic needs of all people. We employ a qualitative research design to identify issues of policy incoherence, within the social protection policy and in relation to other sectoral policies. Policy incoherence has high costs. Strengthening policy coherence is necessary to improve the utilization of limited resources and set a pathway through which the government can ensure no one is left behind. We also present examples of implementation coherence, which provide insight into viable means through which improved policy coherence might be pursued.

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