STOIC ETHICS THROUGH THE EYES OF SKEPTICS

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
Alexander Sanzhenakov
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Action ◽  
Highest Good ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Good For

The article evaluates the skeptical criticism of Stoic ethics. The author of the article notes some weak points of the Skeptics’ argumentation. Thus, skeptics have questioned that the Thus, Skeptics argued that the Stoics misidentified the good in itself. As evidence, Skeptics pointed to disagreement among dogmatists on this issue. The author of the article argues that such an argument is not decisive and cannot discredit the position of the Stoics. Skeptics could strengthen their criticism by proposing a procedure for verifying the good in itself, but in that case, they themselves would become dogmatists. Another line of skeptical criticism is connected with the thesis about the highest good, as such an object of choice, which should be chosen for its own sake. Skeptics argue that if such an object of choice exists, then it contains a contradiction in itself. Since we choose the good for its own sake, insofar as we are not interested in the subject, but in the choice itself, therefore, we must avoid the good, because after receiving it we will be deprived of the opportunity to choose it. This contradiction is eradicated by the Aristotelian concept of energeia, which was inherited and developed by the Stoics in its own way. The contradiction between the Stoics and Skeptics is most clearly manifested in their discussion of the theory of action, from which it can be concluded that disagreements between these schools exist not only at the theoretical, but also at the worldview level.

THE G77@50 AND THE STRUGGLE FOR A DECOLONIAL FUTURE

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Siphamandla Zondi
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
Colonial Legacies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Good For

 This introductory article outlines the importance of the subject discussed in this edition of UNISA’s Latin American Report, the Group of 77+ China. It seeks to locate this discussion at the centre of the search for an alternative world to one that remains haunted by colonial legacies and new imperial designs. It makes the point that the G77 is born into an evolving pursuit of a dream for a world in which former colonies realise fully their aspirations for a future that is good for all. It shows that the G77 has played a crucial role in this, while it also poses questions about the Group’s ability to implement what it works so hard to reach consensus on.

Action without Intention: Some Remarks of Analytical Philosophy Applied to the Theory of Social Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4-1) ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
Aleksander Sanzhenakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Theory Of Action ◽  
Analytical Philosophy ◽  
Social Characteristic ◽  
External Context ◽  
Obvious Consequence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Theory Of Social Action ◽  
Organically Combine

The article is devoted to the consideration of the theory of social action in the context of criticism of the theory of action by analytical philosophy. Firstly, the article describes the basic concepts of social action by M. Weber, E. Durkheim, and T. Parsons. Despite some disagreements between these sociologists, they agree that social action is purposeful and intentional, as well as focused on other people, due to which it receives a social characteristic. Then the author turns to analytical philosophy, in which the concept of "intention" was subjected to skeptical analysis. For example, in the philosophy of late Wittgenstein, action receives its meaning not from the intentions of the actor, but from the context of its implementation, just as words get their meaning from the conditions in which they are used. His ideas were developed by E. Anscombe, who rejected introspection as a method of comprehending the intentions of the subject of action. An obvious consequence of the refusal of psychologizing intent was an appeal to the context of the action being performed and to its social conditions as well. Having considered examples of the application of the theories of social action, the author concludes that sociologists in most of their studies use the model of a rational subject of action, the distinguishing feature of which is awareness of one’s own intentions and goals. Although some researchers have attempted to make this model weaker in order to approximate it to real participants of social interaction, these changes did not affect the awareness of the subject of action of his own goals and intentions. Therefore, the author of the article concludes that one of the urgent tasks of sociology is to develop a new model of the subject of action, which will organically combine the subject’s orientation to the external context and limited awareness of the grounds for his own actions.

scholarly journals Aristotle’s πόλις: The Political Community as a Common Project

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 343-358
Author(s):  
Leszek Skowroński
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Political Community ◽  
The Political ◽  
Nicomachean Ethics ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Highest Good ◽  
Good For ◽  
And Function

At the beginning of Book I of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle says that “the good is the same for an individual as for a city”. The good in question is εὐδαιμονία – the highest good achievable for human beings. In Book X, we learn that contemplative activity (θεωρητική) meets best the requirements set for eudaimonia. Even if we agree that contemplative activity is the good for an individual, how should we understand the claim that contemplation is also the good for a city? I start by reminding readers that for Aristotle the Nicomachean Ethics is essentially a political enquiry and should be read together with his Politics. I focus on the teleological character of his political philosophy and the interlinking of the concepts of the good (τἀγαθόν), nature (φύσις), form (τὸ εἶδος, τὸ τί ἐστι, ἡ μορφή), end (τέλος, τὸ οὗ ἕνεκα) and function (ἔργον). Then, I look at Aristotle’s two closely-connected statements that polis exists by nature and that men are political animals. Having taken into account Aristotle’s opinion regarding the imperfection of this world, which is exemplified by the vulnerability of human lives to fortune, luck and accidents, I conclude that Alasdair MacIntyre’s concept of the political community as a common project explains well how contemplation could be the end of polis. Only very few individuals can achieve the highest good and they can do it only if they have the support of the political community. But all the inhabitants of a polis structured towards achieving the highest good benefit from living in a well-ordered community whose constitution reflects the objective hierarchy of goods.

Recent Advances in Knowledge of Rubber Friction and Tire Wear

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Schallamach
Keyword(s):  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Rubber Friction ◽  
Tire Wear ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Good For ◽  
Road Testing

Abstract Progress in the last few years in understanding rubber friction and tire wear justifies a survey of developments since a review of the subject in 1958. Work on fundamental of friction and abrasion has mainly evolved from conceptions formed in the earlier investigations; it had, however, not been realized that wear of tires and, indeed, abrasion on certain laboratory machines brings into play gross properties of the tire or testpiece which affect rate of wear just as much as the actual abrasion resistance of the tread compound. This new field of research has led to rationalization of road testing, and has helped to bridge the gap between laboratory and road. A report on these developments is given. Much of the work is concerned with the viscoelastic nature of rubber friction and abrasion, which has come to light through the experimentally established validity of the rate-temperature equivalence principle for these processes. This principle, which holds good for all viscoelastic processes, is briefly described in the next section in order not to interrupt the subsequent argument.

scholarly journals Aristotle’s πόλις: The Political Community as a Common Project

2017 ◽  
pp. 343-358
Author(s):  
Leszek Skowroński
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Political Community ◽  
The Political ◽  
Nicomachean Ethics ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Highest Good ◽  
Good For ◽  
And Function

At the beginning of Book I of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle says that “the good is the same for an individual as for a city”. The good in question is εὐδαιμονία – the highest good achievable for human beings. In Book X, we learn that contemplative activity (θεωρητική) meets best the requirements set for eudaimonia. Even if we agree that contemplative activity is the good for an individual, how should we understand the claim that contemplation is also the good for a city? I start by reminding readers that for Aristotle the Nicomachean Ethics is essentially a political enquiry and should be read together with his Politics. I focus on the teleological character of his political philosophy and the interlinking of the concepts of the good (τἀγαθόν), nature (φύσις), form (τὸ εἶδος, τὸ τί ἐστι, ἡ μορφή), end (τέλος, τὸ οὗ ἕνεκα) and function (ἔργον). Then, I look at Aristotle’s two closely-connected statements that polis exists by nature and that men are political animals. Having taken into account Aristotle’s opinion regarding the imperfection of this world, which is exemplified by the vulnerability of human lives to fortune, luck and accidents, I conclude that Alasdair MacIntyre’s concept of the political community as a common project explains well how contemplation could be the end of polis. Only very few individuals can achieve the highest good and they can do it only if they have the support of the political community. But all the inhabitants of a polis structured towards achieving the highest good benefit from living in a well-ordered community whose constitution reflects the objective hierarchy of goods.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Matematika Berbasis Ekonomi Syariah Untuk Madrasah Tsanawiyah

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Mulin Nu’man
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Preliminary Stage ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
Good For ◽  
Arithmetic Teaching ◽  
The Look ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Economic Comparison

This research aims to develop mathematical teaching materials based on sharia economy for madrasah tsanawiyah students with good quality. The method used in the study is the development model adapted from Borg & Gall is the preliminary stage, development, and validation. The preliminary stage includes literature studies, analysis of the needs and characteristics of students, and to plan and choose the design of teaching materials. The development phase includes determining the competence standard, basic competence, indicators, and the subject matter, compiling teaching materials math, and prepare research instruments. The validation phase includes validation expert and revisions. Results of the study are social arithmetic teaching materials based on sharia economy. Each material begins with the problem of economic comparison of Islamic and conventional. The feasibility of the value of teaching materials is Very Good for aspects of the look and Very Good for the material aspects. With these criteria very well, teaching materials are feasible for use in the learning of mathematics in the social arithmetic material.

scholarly journals Le buone ragioni del soggettivismo etico e i suoi errori. Note su bioetica, relativismo e metafisica

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Pessina
Keyword(s):  
Human Condition ◽  
Moral Life ◽  
Theoretical Possibility ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Legislative Activity ◽  
Good For

Soggettivismo etico e relativismo della conoscenza fanno spesso da sfondo ai dibattiti in bioetica. Il soggettivismo rivendica una sorta di attività legislatrice della ragione umana che, almeno in parte, va accolta. Il singolo uomo ha il dovere di legiferare in merito alla promozione delle finalità che lo interpellano, ma il criterio non può essere soggettivo: per conoscere il bene dell’uomo si deve, infatti, sapere chi è l’uomo. Soltanto nella conoscenza della struttura antropologica umana si può trovare una risposta adeguata alle esigenze del soggetto. Al soggettivismo, allora, si deve rispondere con l’argomento della personalizzazione della vita morale. L’uomo deve realizzare un bene in sé facendolo diventare nel concreto bene per lui. Ma il nodo teorico che resta da affrontare è la possibilità pratica e teorica di rispondere alla domanda “chi è l’uomo” senza fare i conti con la metafisica. Il nesso tra etica e metafisica non si pone secondo la logica della remunerazione o del comando estrinseci, ma come determinazione del senso stesso della condizione umana. La metafisica va pensata come ciò che restituisce alla temporalità il suo stesso significato storico. ---------- Ethical subjectivism and relativism of knowledge are often the setting of debates on bioethics. The subjectivism vindicates a kind of legislative activity of the human reason that, at least partly, must be welcomed. The single man has duty to legislate regarding the promotion of finalities that consult him, but the criterion can not be subjective: to know the good of the man, in fact, ones must know who the man is. A suitable answer to the demands of the subject can be found only in the knowledge of the human anthropological structure. Ones must answer to subjectivism with the matter of the personalization of moral life. The man must realize a good in oneself making it becoming a good for him in the concrete. But the theoretical knot that stays to face is the practical and theoretical possibility to answer to the question “who is the man” without making the accounts with the metaphysics. The connection between ethics and metaphysics doesn’t set according to the logic of the extrinsic remuneration or the command, but as determination of the sense itself of human condition. Metaphysics must be thought like what it returns its same historical meaning to temporality.

Dialectics and Difference: Negative Dialectics as a Logic of Action

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-499
Author(s):  
Sergio Sevilla
Keyword(s):  
Critical Theory ◽  
Theory Of Action ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Philosophy Of Action ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Analytical Philosophy ◽  
Negative Dialectics ◽  
Logic Of Action ◽  
The Subject

AbstractThis paper argues that the different ways of facing Hegel's system, as an impossible attempt to harmonize tradition and openness to novelty, respond to an underlying malaise: that provoked by the disturbing question of “the actuality of philosophy” after Hegel. That question insistently arises with respect to different paradigms of contemporary philosophy, and is found in critical theory, in analytical philosophy of action, in Žižek's materialism, and in Derrida's deconstructive reading. Adorno's interpretation introduces the tension between universal concepts and laws, transmitted by the cultural tradition, and particular elements that the subject of the action must always take into account. As a consequence, the subject must include what is not reducible to a concept, which enables the construction of a language of experience that transcends the identifying thinking of the concept and makes negative dialectics possible as a theory of action.

scholarly journals KOMUNIKASI MASYARAKAT JEPANG DITINJAU DARI SISI MANAJEMEN PRIVASI KOMUNIKASI (STUDI KASUS PADA MAHASISWA GRADUATE UNIVERSITY FOR ADVANCE STUDIES)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Vera Eka Krisnawati
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Japanese People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Good For ◽  
Private Management ◽  
Theory Research ◽  
The Relationship

1.    Abstract:The purpose of this research is to describe about communication of Japanese people. Japan has become a tremendous nation in technology. The impacts have both positive and negative sides which create the Japanese people became very cautious about their interaction especially in communication with each other or to foreigners.        This study is trying to observe in relation to communiction of Japanese people using a qualitative method and Communication Private Management theory. The subject would be college students at Graduate University for Advanced Studies in Sagamihara, Japan. Communication Private Management theory research about description for the action that people do based on intension, substance, and event that create in their language to communicate with other people or with them selves.        The result of this research is interaction between Japanese people and foreigners are possible as long as the ideas of self perception and the relationship with the society reach the accomplishment. Japanese people would be very generous and kind as long as the communication would be clear and good for them.Keywords: Communication Private Management theory (CPM), Japan, Japanese People   

Good for the Goose — Good for the Gander?

1984 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Chapman ◽  
Bernie McKay
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Good For ◽  
Smoking Control

Complaints and judgements about smoking and anti-smoking advertisements under advertising self regulation. The advertising self-regulatory system in Australia has recently dealt with two complaints concerning cigarette smoking. Two advertisements from a large-scale smoking control program were the subject of a complaint from the tobacco industry, resulting in one being effectively banned. Complaints were also sent to the same self-regulatory body by a consumer group about three cigarette advertisements. These were not upheld. Details of the complaints and their outcomes are given, with the critical conclusion being drawn that considerably greater latitude in what was judged to be acceptable was afforded the cigarette advertisers than was the smoking control program: Inherent limits on the impartiality of self-regulatory systems are discussed.

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