scholarly journals Internal reasons for and external causes of acts by other persons in intentionality reasoning and confidence ratings for the reasoning

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (0) ◽  
pp. 2D-044-2D-044
Author(s):  
Masahiko Saito
Keyword(s):  
Internal Reasons ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Confidence Ratings

MEASUREMENT AND MULTIFACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ PATRIOTISM

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly Maslak ◽  
Stanislav Pozdnyakov
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
State University ◽  
Linear Scale ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Internal Reasons ◽  
Fundamental Transformation ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Measuring Tool ◽  
Revaluation Of Values

The relevance of the work is based on internal and external causes. Internal reasons consist of the fundamental transformation and revaluation of values occurring in Russia. Patriotism is the foundation of responsibility for the preservation of spiritual values and the power of the country. External causes are the need to counter terrorism and conflicts in the world. The goal of the study is to measure the level of patriotism of students according to their gender, course, and department of the branch of Kuban State University in Slavyansk-on-Kuban. To accomplish this goal, it is necessary to assess the quality of the questionnaire as a measuring tool and measure the level of patriotism of students on a linear scale. The theory of latent variables is used as the method of research, allowing to measure the level of patriotism on a linear scale.

scholarly journals Clusterization of reasons for bankruptcy of enterprises

2013 ◽  
pp. 72-82
Author(s):  
Lukas Giriūnas ◽  
Jonas Mackevičius ◽  
Romualdas Valkauskas
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
The State ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Internal Reasons ◽  
State And Society ◽  
External Causes ◽  
The Right ◽  
External Reasons

Bankruptcies of enterprises are among the most common events in the market economy. They cause a lot of negative effects not only for the company and its employees, but also for other companies and institutions, the state and society. Although the researchers have examined the reasons for bankruptcy, there is no list of the signs clearly indicating the likelihood of bankruptcy. Or such list is impossible due to the fact that causes of bankruptcy are related to the complex and constantly changing external environment of the company. That is why various features are only the symptoms pointing to the fact that the company is in danger of going bankrupt. It should be mentioned that some signs indicate that the company may face a number of difficulties, including bankruptcy, if the company’s management will not take appropriate action to eliminate causes of bankruptcy or to adjust to them. Reasons for bankruptcy can be divided into: 1) internal, 2) external. External reasons are such reasons that cannot be affected by company’s executives because they do not depend on the executives’ will. Internal reasons are such reasons that depend on the company’s executives and their level of professionalism, initiative, and ability to lead and to make the right decisions. In order to take the lowest risk, company’s analysts should monitor and investigate all internal and external causes. As it has been already mentioned, there are many internal and external reasons for companies’ bankruptcy but it is not clear which are the most important ones. To answer this question the authors of this article, on the basis of Lithuanian and foreign scientific research, have compiled a theoretical list and the tree of the internal and external causes of bankruptcy. The tree and its components are improved with clusters of reasons for bankruptcy of enterprises.

Suicidal Behavior and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Emergency Departments Underestimated by Administrative Claims Data

Crisis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 318-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Stanley ◽  
Glenn W. Currier ◽  
Megan Chesin ◽  
Sadia Chaudhury ◽  
Shari Jager-Hyman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Departments ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
The United States ◽  
Administrative Claims ◽  
Suicide Attempters ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Ed Visits ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Severe Psychopathology

Abstract. Background: External causes of injury codes (E-codes) are used in administrative and claims databases for billing and often employed to estimate the number of self-injury visits to emergency departments (EDs). Aims: This study assessed the accuracy of E-codes using standardized, independently administered research assessments at the time of ED visits. Method: We recruited 254 patients at three psychiatric emergency departments in the United States between 2007 and 2011, who completed research assessments after presenting for suicide-related concerns and were classified as suicide attempters (50.4%, n = 128), nonsuicidal self-injurers (11.8%, n = 30), psychiatric controls (29.9%, n = 76), or interrupted suicide attempters (7.8%, n = 20). These classifications were compared with their E-code classifications. Results: Of the participants, 21.7% (55/254) received an E-code. In all, 36.7% of research-classified suicide attempters and 26.7% of research-classified nonsuicidal self-injurers received self-inflicted injury E-codes. Those who did not receive an E-code but should have based on the research assessments had more severe psychopathology, more Axis I diagnoses, more suicide attempts, and greater suicidal ideation. Limitations: The sample came from three large academic medical centers and these findings may not be generalizable to all EDs. Conclusion: The frequency of ED visits for self-inflicted injury is much greater than current figures indicate and should be increased threefold.

Factors Related to Childhood Suicides

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 292-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Soole ◽  
Kairi Kõlves ◽  
Diego De Leo
Keyword(s):  
Child Death ◽  
Behavioral Difficulties ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Indigenous Children ◽  
External Causes Of Death ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Causes Of Deaths ◽  
Gender Asymmetry ◽  
Control Study

Background: Suicide among children under the age of 15 years is a leading cause of death. Aims: The aim of the current study is to identify demographic, psychosocial, and psychiatric factors associated with child suicides. Method: Using external causes of deaths recorded in the Queensland Child Death Register, a case-control study design was applied. Cases were suicides of children (10–14 years) and adolescents (15–17 years); controls were other external causes of death in the same age band. Results: Between 2004 and 2012, 149 suicides were recorded: 34 of children aged 10–14 years and 115 of adolescents aged 15–17 years. The gender asymmetry was less evident in child suicides and suicides were significantly more prevalent in indigenous children. Children residing in remote areas were significantly more likely to die by suicide than other external causes compared with children in metropolitan areas. Types of precipitating events differed between children and adolescents, with children more likely to experience family problems. Disorders usually diagnosed during infancy, childhood, and adolescence (e.g., ADHD) were significantly more common among children compared with adolescents who died by suicide. Conclusion: Psychosocial and environmental aspects of children, in addition to mental health and behavioral difficulties, are important in the understanding of suicide in this age group and in the development of targeted suicide prevention.

The Mortality from External Causes in Individuals of Risk Group

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khabriev R. U. ◽  
◽  
Kulakova S. V. ◽  
Pertli L. F. ◽  
Spasennikov B. A. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Group ◽  
External Causes

The nature of metacognitive inefficiency in perceptual decision making

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Medha Shekhar ◽  
Dobromir Rahnev
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
Continuous Scale ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Metacognitive Ability ◽  
Confidence Ratings

Humans have the metacognitive ability to judge the accuracy of their own decisions via confidence ratings. A substantial body of research has demonstrated that human metacognition is fallible but it remains unclear how metacognitive inefficiency should be incorporated into a mechanistic model of confidence generation. Here we show that, contrary to what is typically assumed, metacognitive inefficiency depends on the level of confidence. We found that, across five different datasets and four different measures of metacognition, metacognitive ability decreased with higher confidence ratings. To understand the nature of this effect, we collected a large dataset of 20 subjects completing 2,800 trials each and providing confidence ratings on a continuous scale. The results demonstrated a robustly nonlinear zROC curve with downward curvature, despite a decades-old assumption of linearity. This pattern of results was reproduced by a new mechanistic model of confidence generation, which assumes the existence of lognormally-distributed metacognitive noise. The model outperformed competing models either lacking metacognitive noise altogether or featuring Gaussian metacognitive noise. Further, the model could generate a measure of metacognitive ability which was independent of confidence levels. These findings establish an empirically-validated model of confidence generation, have significant implications about measures of metacognitive ability, and begin to reveal the underlying nature of metacognitive inefficiency.

Reduction of injuries due to external causes. Can the pediatrician help?

10.2223/1253 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 435-436
Author(s):  
Renata D. Waksman
Keyword(s):  
External Causes
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