Industry 4.0 From a Management Perspective

Industries have undergone three fundamental transformation processes that were revolutionary. Following these processes, industries have been confronted with the phenomenon of Industry 4.0, known as the 4th Industrial Revolution, that is acknowledged as a new transformation process. The basic dynamics of this phenomenon include smart robots, simulation, the internet of things, cloud, additive manufacturing, and big data. It is of utmost importance for businesses that are involved in this process, that are new and trying to adapt to the process, to be prepared and adapt to the effects of Industry 4.0 dynamics. These dynamics lead to significant developments in business models, business processes, organizational structures, employees, and human resource processes. When Industry 4.0 and its dynamics are evaluated in general, businesses that follow the process and make necessary managerial adjustments will be ahead of the competition.

Trends and Prospects in Climate Finance

An effective response to climate change that assures a sustainable development pathway will require a fundamental transformation towards a low carbon, climate-resilient societies. Each change need for solid financial support, financial solutions, and dedicated instruments, taking into account ESG factors and taking into account the impact of financial crises. This chapter aims to bring together theories, trends, dilemmas, and directional concepts to answer the question about changes in the existing paradigm of climate finance. On the other hand, the analysis of trends and presenting future prospects regarding sustainable finance will be aimed at enhancing the substantive and practical knowledge of the target audience. In addition, in this chapter, the following issues will be presented in particular: changes in the sustainable finance paradigm and the emergence of the climate finance paradigm, macro-and micro-financial aspects of climate change taking into account the influence of risk (including ESG risk), and a new landscape of climate finance.

The Making of Business Nobility. The Social Rise of Austrian Businessmen after 1848

In the 19th century, the society of the Habsburg monarchy underwent a fundamental transformation. The changes associated with the year 1848 and the demise of the estate society also significantly affected the social position of businessmen. Their position before this date was not legally defined and prestige did not depend on their property, but on their place in the traditional ranking of the social hierarchy associated with the possession of burgher rights or the noble title. Their prestige began to grow after this date, mainly due to the ever closer cooperation with the state and growing political influence. In the new era, the noble title was not a prerequisite for belonging to the elite, but for many people it was still a symbol of prestige and many businessmen sought it. They saw in it a demonstration of their achievements and a fulcrum for the historical memory of their entire family.

Ads and Fraud: A Comprehensive Survey of Fraud in Online Advertising

Over the last two decades, we have witnessed a fundamental transformation of the advertising industry, which has been steadily moving away from the traditional advertising mediums, such as television or direct marketing, towards digital-centric and internet-based platforms. Unfortunately, due to its large-scale adoption and significant revenue potential, digital advertising has become a very attractive and frequent target for numerous cybercriminal groups. The goal of this study is to provide a consolidated view of different categories of threats in the online advertising ecosystems. We begin by introducing the main elements of an online ad platform and its different architecture and revenue models. We then review different categories of ad fraud and present a taxonomy of known attacks on an online advertising system. Finally, we provide a comprehensive overview of methods and techniques for the detection and prevention of fraudulent practices within those system—both from the scientific as well as the industry perspective. The main novelty of our work lies in the development of an innovative taxonomy of different types of digital advertising fraud based on their actual executors and victims. We have placed different advertising fraud scenarios into real-world context and provided illustrative examples thereby offering an important practical perspective that is very much missing in the current literature.

The Application of Nanomaterials in Cell Autophagy

Autophagy is defined as separation and degradation of cytoplasmic components through autophagosomes, which plays an essential part in physiological and pathological events. Hence it is also essential for cellular homeostasis. Autophagy disorder may bring about the failure of stem cells to maintain the fundamental transformation and metabolism of cell components. However, for cancer cells, the disorder of autophagy is a feasible antitumor idea. Nanoparticles, referring to particles of the size range 1-100 nanometers, are appearing as a category of autophagy regulators. These nanoparticles may revolutionize and broaden the therapeutic strategies of many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, tumors, muscle disease, and so on. Researches of autophagy-induced nanomaterials mainly focus on silver particles, gold particles, silicon particles, and rare earth oxides. But in recent years, more and more materials have been found to regulate autophagy, such as nano-nucleic acid materials, nanofiber scaffolds, quantum dots, and so on. The review highlights that various kinds of nanoparticles have the power to regulate autophagy intensity in stem cells of interest and further control biological behaviors, which may become a reliable treatment choice for disease therapy.

Asymmetric Addition of Allylsilanes to Aldehydes – A Cr/Photoredox Dual Catalytic Approach Complementing the Hosomi–Sakurai Reaction

The allylation of aldehydes is a fundamental transformation in synthetic organic chemistry. Among the multitude of available reagents, especially allylsilanes have been established as preferred allyl source. As initially reported by Hosomi & Sakurai, these non-toxic and highly stable reagents add to carbonyls via an open transition state upon Lewis acid activation. Herein, we report a general strategy to access a variety of valuable homoallylic alcohols in opposite chemo- and diastereoselectivity to the established Hosomi–Sakurai conditions by switching to photocatalytic activation in combination with a closed transition state (Chromium catalysis). Moreover, this dual catalytic approach displays a straightforward way to introduce excellent levels of enantioselectivity and its mild conditions allow for a broad substrate scope including chiral boron-substituted products as a highlight. To emphasize the synthetic utility, our method was applied as the key step in the synthesis of a bioactive compound and in the late-stage functionalization of steroid derivatives. Detailed mechanistic studies and DFT calculations hint towards an unprecedented photo-initiated chain being operative.

The Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Kunst- und Museumsbibliotheken (AKMB): a strong alliance of art and museum libraries

More than 25 years after the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Kunst- und Museumsbibliotheken (AKMB) was founded – an eternity in the digital age – libraries and museums as institutions of public life are more than ever subject to fundamental transformation.The AKMB has set itself the task of offering its affiliated institutions a platform for knowledge exchange and networking. Questions about standardization in librarianship, technical equipment, formal and subject indexing as well as possibilities of exchange and support in answering these questions are in focus. It is not - in the classic sense of a library - a physical place. Nevertheless, it forms simultaneously the basis and the opportunity for art and museum libraries to orient themselves to a digital future. In this regard, it also deals itself with structural changes and its challenges.

Toward a Radical IR: Transformation, Praxis, and Critique in a (Neo)Liberal World Order

Can there be a “radical IR?” Scholars have given little attention to the question of the following: where is radicalism in the discipline? I argue that not only is it possible to think about radical international theory, but that it is necessary in the contemporary world. International theorists have to grapple with developments of fundamental change, including the so-described decline of the (neo)liberal international order, transformations in global capital, and an upsurge in populist political movements that advocate for fundamental political change. In approaching the question of radicalism in IR, the article develops a working definition of radicalism as an approach to politics that focuses on the International as a whole, uses theoretical tools from the humanistic sciences to engage in an active politics of fundamental transformation, and deploys methods that are historicist, genealogical, and oriented toward “getting to the root of things.” Additionally, the paper illustrates the virtues and promises of a radical IR by using the case of (neo)liberal world order arguments to show how a radical IR could change the trajectory of these engagements.

The Visualized Employment Contract. An exploratory study on contract visualization in Danish employment contracts

The essence of any employment contract should be a clear and understandable communication of the employment relationship. Using comics as a medium for employment contracts can help in achieving this goal. This article provides an exploratory case study in the context of Danish labour law. In a first step, it is assessed whether an employment contract made of comic strips would meet the formal requirements of Danish and European labour law. In a second step, the textual and comic versions of the employment contract of a Danish leisure organization are tested on two volunteer groups. The results show that both the personal utility and actionable knowledge of the users of comic contracts increased significantly compared to the users of the textual version of the contract. This provides initial evidence that contract visualization with the help of comic strips can be an important component in the reform and re-imagination of labour markets and labour law that are undergoing a fundamental transformation.

Understanding the translingual practices among international students in multilingual cities

The impact of global mobility and technology innovations on urban linguistic diversity poses a key challenge to understand how and to what extent international students are immersed in the target language. Such diversity of languages and modes of communication has pointed to a fundamental transformation in the way that international students interact with both online and offline resources. The translingual practices of Chinese international students presented in this study suggest that, instead of being a language learner in an English-dominant country, these students make use of but go beyond their full repertoires to conduct various online and offline activities when living in a translanguaging space. An evaluation of both online and offline practices demonstrates how their online translingual practices were merged into offline contexts, to create opportunities for learning and social engagement. Understanding international students’ experience with both online and offline resources provides useful insights into the translingual practices and processes adopted by them when living and studying in a multilingual city.