scholarly journals YEDI KULE - MONUMENT ROAD RACE: THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE 3D MAPPING ANIMATION OF THE OLD CITY OF THESSALONIKI, GREECE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIKOS LAMBRINOS ◽  
Efthimios-Spyridon Georgiou
Keyword(s):  
Google Earth ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Modern City ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Digital Storage ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Old City ◽  
Road Race ◽  
Governmental Politics

This project refers to the construction of a 3D map of Thessaloniki’s historical route. The Yedi Kule Conquest – Monument Road Race took place in the old city of Thessaloniki, which was built during the Byzantine and Ottoman period.  The purpose of this project is the digital recording of the castles, the monuments, the old churches, the traditional buildings, and the squares which are prime examples of the architectural beauty of the place. The methodology of the project is based on the online software Google Earth Studio and Adobe Premiere Pro. These are the tools of digitization, rendering, and building process of the animation. With this methodology, the authors achieved the documentation of land use and the architectural landscape. The animation is a credible graphic index of the historical background of Thessaloniki. The Yedi Kule area constitutes of a cultural mosaic made from different historic periods. The buildings and the neighbourhoods give the sense of transition of the narrow roads, the old Christian churches, the house of the first Turkish governor, and the byzantine castle to the modern city. In Thessaloniki, three historic periods coexist the Ancient Greek/Roman, the Byzantine, and Ottoman Empire. The responsibility of the governmental politics and of every citizen of Thessaloniki is to promote and preserve the historic background of the city. The final product offers a good opportunity for the digital storage of Thessaloniki’s old city. The animation creates an interactive environment that portrays the current image of the transition from the old to a modern city.

Two Earthquake Sequences Nearly a Century Apart Reveal a Conjugate Seismogenic System in Central Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 1469-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Che Hsieh ◽  
Yen-Yu Lin ◽  
Kuo-Fong Ma ◽  
Li Zhao ◽  
Yi-Wun Liao
Keyword(s):  
Active Faults ◽  
Fault System ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Mountain Building ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Orogenic Wedge ◽  
Central Taiwan ◽  
Earthquake Sequences ◽  
Conjugate Fault

Abstract Seismically active central Taiwan is considered part of an orogenic wedge with low-angle east-dipping active faults above a detachment surface and an active mountain-building process later. In 2013, two moderate reverse-faulting earthquakes of magnitudes ML 6.2 and 6.5 occurred in Nantou. They brought to mind the historically damaging sequence of four earthquakes in the same area that claimed a total of 71 lives in 1916. The 2013 earthquake sequence provides a good opportunity to study the 1916 sequence. We compared the historical Omori record of the main event in the 1916 sequence, discovered in the Seismogram Archives at the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, and the corresponding simulated Omori records of the 2013 events. Our comparison shows significant similarity among the earthquakes, although they are separated by nearly 100 yr. To understand the seismogenic structure associated with these earthquake sequences, we further studied the source rupture properties of earthquakes in this region since 1999 using local broadband records to determine the rupture fault planes. Results show that all events have similar focal mechanisms with one low-angle east-dipping and another high-angle west-dipping nodal planes. Rupture plane determination indicates that whereas events at shallow depths (<20  km) ruptured on the low-angle east-dipping plane, events at greater depths (>20  km) slipped on the high-angle west-dipping plane in a conjugate fault system. The comparison also suggests that the 1916 sequence occurred on the low-angle east-dipping plane of this conjugate fault system in the orogenic wedge as part of a mountain-building process. Given the active mountain-building process in central Taiwan, occurrences of this type of earthquake must be addressed in seismic hazard mitigation efforts.

scholarly journals Discovering the Library with Google Earth

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Digital Collection

Libraries need to provide attractive and exciting discovery tools to draw patrons to the valuable resources in their catalogs. The authors conducted a pilot project to explore the free version of Google Earth as such a discover tool for Portland State Library’s digital collection of urban planning documents. They created eye-catching placemarks with links to parts of this collection, as well as to other pertinent materials like books, images, and historical background information. The detailed how-to-do part of this article is preceded by a discussion about discovery of library materials and followed by possible applications of this Google Earth project.

scholarly journals Constitution Building as a Panacea to Identity Conflicts in Africa: The Case of Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Chidi M. Amaechi ◽  
Obinna U. Muoh
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
It Projects ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Identity Conflicts ◽  
Constitution Building ◽  
Constitution Making

Abstract Africa is rife with sectional discontents which metamorphose into protracted conflicts, civil wars, and terrorism. With forlorn hopes of survival in the system and without a say in the constitution building process, disgruntled groups easily cloak their political and socio-economic dissatisfaction with ethnicity, religious or similar identities in order to arouse group affection. At present, Nigeria is at the brink of disintegration as a result of this problem. The country has witnessed about six constitutional arrangements since independence. Yet, the clamour for a new constitution remains constant and, invariably, influenced the convening of the 2014 National Constitutional Conference in the country. Since constitution building provides a good opportunity for the citizens and groups to enshrine their wishes in the instrument of governance and thereby preventing the degeneration of grievances into conflict, questions have continued to arise. Does the constitution making process in Nigeria involve the people for whom the laws are meant for? Are the leaders mindful of the peace potentials of constitution building? This paper seeks to ascertain the extent to which the citizens were involved in the making of the previous constitutions in Nigeria. It projects the view that the failures of the past attempts and the prevalent identity conflicts in Nigeria are attributable to non-adherence to the basic principles of the indispensable people-oriented process of constitution building.

scholarly journals Imagining an Old City in Nineteenth-Century France: Urban Renovation, Civil Society, and the Making of Vieux Lyon

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Luiz Sullivan De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
Second Empire ◽  
Urban Forms ◽  
Modern City ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Old City ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
Urban Renovation

Urban histories of nineteenth-century France have tended to focus on Paris and emphasize state actions. This has obscured movements that were crucial in shaping modern cities, particularly segments of civil society that worked on preserving old neighborhoods. This article focuses on Lyon—a “second city”—and analyzes how state-driven urban renovations under the Second Empire fostered a fin-de-siècle localist reaction that sought to preserve what was seen as Lyonnais urban forms (in particular neighborhoods defined by their narrow and crooked streets). Through an antiquarian discourse, cultural elites argued that these urban forms were an essential part of Lyonnais identity—which they feared was being infringed upon by Paris. The actions of these prideful and anxious Lyonnais show that antiquarian history was, in fact, a modern phenomenon that played a key role in shaping the modern city.

scholarly journals The Biblical exegesis of headship: A challenge to Patriarchal understanding that impinges on women’s rights in the church and society

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Baloyi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Feminist Theology ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Church And Society ◽  
Deep Meaning ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Church

The aim of this paper is to try and find out the real meaning of man’ s (male) headship of women, since that can help us to define the deep meaning of gender equality.  A brief historical background will be followed by exegetical remarks on Ephesians 5:21-22 which is one of the texts that explains something about the concept of “headship of man”. Secondly, the meaning will help us to shape our understanding as to how we should handle the issue of women’ s rights and gender equality in  African Christian churches and families.  The challenges that are faced by women because of the misunderstanding of the concept of headship will also be discussed. The movement of feminist theology and other movements are becoming vocal in African countries, because women feel that it is the church and the Bible which promote the subjection of women. Fiorenza (1986:67) says that oppression of women in society is a result of Christian male sexist theology.

scholarly journals Whose Justice? Which Democracy? Justice, Reconciliation and Democracy in Post-Genocide Rwanda—Challenges to Public Theology

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Christine Schliesser
Keyword(s):  
Violent Conflict ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Public Theology ◽  
Rwandan Genocide ◽  
Presbyterian Church ◽  
The Third ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Reconciliation Process ◽  
A Current

Abstract How can a public theology advance the task of democracy in order to bring forth justice for all? This article focuses on post-genocide Rwanda as a current example of a country’s quest for justice, reconciliation and democratization after severe violent conflict. The first part traces the historical background of the Rwandan genocide with specific attention on the lack of just and democratic structures in pre-genocide Rwanda and the roles of the Christian churches therein. The second part explores the Christian churches’ involvement in the country’s current reconciliation process. Here, the Presbyterian Church of Rwanda (EPR) serves as a case study. The third part critically assesses the churches’ contribution to reconciliation with regards to how it serves to enhance—or hinder—the implementation of just and democratic structures.

scholarly journals Analytical Study of North Indian Oceanic Cyclonic Disturbances with Special Reference to Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Fani: Meteorological Variability, India's Preparedness with Terrible Aftermath

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumen Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
North Indian Ocean ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Cyclonic Storm ◽  
Severe Cyclonic Storm

Abstract. Having a total coastal tract of about 7,516 km with 5,400 km long mainland coastline, India is highly vulnerable to natural hazards like tropical cyclones (TCs). The analysis based on the historical dataset (1891–2019) of TCs over North Indian Ocean (NIO) also claims that the four coastal states (Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal) and one union territory (Pondicherry) on the east coast frequently face cyclonic storm than other coastal parts of India. The seasonal distribution (Pre-monsoon, Monsoon and Post-monsoon) of cyclonic storms over the Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal (BoB) in last 150 years also help to unfold the fact that the Odisha and West Bengal coast are exposed to TCs mostly during the monsoon season (June to September) encompassing with strong winds, heavy rainfall and high storm surge. The extremely severe cyclonic storm (ESCS) Fani is the rarest summer cyclones, the first one in 43 years to strike the coastal part of Odisha on May 3, 2019 and one of the three worst cyclones in last 150 years with a sustained surface wind speed of 175–180 kmph. Odisha has been affected horribly due to the vulnerability of Fani. Although the death toll was limited within 64 due to rapid evacuation of nearly 1.68 million people, the killer cyclone has caused irreparable damages in social sectors (housing, education and food security), productive sectors (agriculture, fisheries and livestock) and also informative sectors (power, telecommunication, road, water facilities and public buildings). The estimated costs have reached nearly 4.18 billion USD only in Odisha. The southern part of West Bengal has also affected badly due to intense downpour and very high storm surges (2–3 m above mean sea level). To map the flooded areas of Odisha and West Bengal due to intense rainfall (cause inland flooding) and storm surges (cause coastal flooding), the Sentinel-1 SAR GRD dataset has also been used in Google Earth Engine (GEE) environment to link with the deadly cyclone Fani. So, the present study successfully advocates the historical background of TCs over NIO with particular reference to ESCS Fani including its meteorological variability, preparedness and the trail of devastation.

scholarly journals Urban Planning in the First Unfortified Spanish Colonial Town

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-25
Author(s):  
Alejandro Gangui ◽  
Juan Antonio Belmonte
Keyword(s):  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
European Expansion ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Margin Of Error ◽  
Old City ◽  
Natural Boundaries ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

The city of San Cristóbal de La Laguna in the Canary Island of Tenerife (Spain) is of exceptional value as the first unfortified colonial city to follow regular plan - a grid, outlined by straight streets that form squares - in the overseas European expansion. It constitutes a historical example of the so-called "Town of Peace", the archetype of a city-republic in a new land that employed its own natural boundaries to delimit and defend itself. Founded in 1496, the historical centre of the old city was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999. We analyse the exact spatial orientation of 21 historic Christian churches currently existing in the old part of La Laguna, which we take as a good indicator of the original layout of the urban lattice. We find a clear orientation pattern that, if correlated with the rising or setting Sun, singles out an absolute-value astronomical declination slightly below 20°, which, within the margin of error of our study, might be associated with the 25th July feast day of San Cristóbal de Licia, the saint to whom the town was originally dedicated. We also discuss at some length some recent proposals which invoke somewhat far-fetched hypotheses for the planimetry of the old city and conclude with some comments on one of its outstanding features, namely its Latin-cross structure, which is apparent in the combined layout of some of its most emblematic churches.

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