scholarly journals Investigación sobre el sistema de abastecimiento del antiguo alcázar de los arzobispos en Alcalá de Henares

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique José Fernández Tapia ◽  
Irene De Bustamante Gutiérrez ◽  
Fernando Da Casa Martín
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Supply System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Religious Importance ◽  
Agricultural Farm

Research on the supply system of the Alcazar of the archbishops in Alcalá de HenaresSeven years after the reconquest in 1118, Alkal’a Nahar (Alcalá de Henares) to Muslims, thanks to the Toledo archbishop, Bernardo de Sedirac, King Alfonso VII donates this population, to the archbishopric of Toledo. During the Muslim domination, a fortress with an important suburb had been built on the nearby hills, known as Alcalá la Vieja which, from that moment, was gradually abandoned, to settle on the plain, next to the old Church of San Justo. The archbishops were aware of the historical and religious importance of this site and with their policies, they were reinforcing and attracting more population. Most of the researchers think that it was Ximénez de Rada (1209-1247), who began the construction of the headquarters of the Toledo archbishops in Alcalá de Henares, formed by a fortress and a walled enclosure, probably over what there was it has been an extensive agricultural farm. Associated with this, there are news of the existence of waterwheel, from the Muslim era in this place. On the other hand, there is a reference that places around 1300, the construction of a “viaje de agua” for water supply. Little else was known about the supply system of the Alcazar. Thanks to the research carried out, we have learned that the construction of said infrastructure is based on the ancient Arab technique, known as qanat. These are mines that drain the aquifer, about two kilometers upstream, to the north and transport the water to the walled enclosure. The main advantages of this system of supply, is that the water is captured far from the fortification and can also be tubed and taking advantage of the existing slope, maintaining the pressure, to make the water sprout above ground level, forming sources.

The apparent behaviour of maize and sorghum stomata during and after drought

1959 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
The Other ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Young Plant ◽  
Normal Behaviour ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Grain Crop

Maize stomata are shown to be markedly affected by severe drought lasting about a week or more, in that they do not recover their apparent pattern of normal behaviour after the water supply to the plant is restored, although the leaves regain their turgidity and seem normal. On the other hand, sorghum stomata recover well from severe drought lasting 14 days and their recovery follows fairly closely behind the restoration of turgidity to the leaves. It is suggested that this difference in ability of stomata to recover from severe drought in some measure accounts for the superiority of sorghum as a grain crop in dry regions.Severe drought in maize is shown to be less damaging to the young plant than to the old, because the stomata of the unopened leaves behave normally when unfolded after the drought is broken.

Attitudes to reform: political parties in Ulster and the Irish land bill of 1881

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (95) ◽  
pp. 327-340
Author(s):  
Francis Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Previous Decade ◽  
History Of

The Irish land act of 1881, it is generally agreed, was a victory for the Land League and Parnell, and nationalist policy with regard to the act and the attitude of southern tenants towards it have been many times subjected to detailed examination by historians of this period. In these analyses of the events of 1880–81, however, little reference is normally made to the part played by the different parties and interests in the north of the country. It is often assumed, for example, that the Ulster tenants held aloof from the campaign for reform, lending no more than occasional vocal support to the agitational efforts of tenants in the south and west. Indeed, they were later excoriated by William O'Brien, Michael Davitt and others not only for giving no support to the land movement but also for sabotaging Parnell's policy of testing the 1881 act by precipitately rushing into the land courts to take advantage of the new legislation: ‘that hard-fisted body of men, having done nothing themselves to win the act, thought of nothing but turning it to their own immediate use, and repudiating any solidarity with the southern and western rebels to whom they really owed it’. If, however, northern tenants were harshly judged by nationalist politicians in the years after 1881, the part played by the northern political parties in the history of the land bill has been either ignored or misunderstood by historians since that time. The Ulster liberals, for example, are rarely mentioned, the implication being that they made no contribution to the act even though it implemented almost exactly the programme on which they had been campaigning for much of the previous decade. The northern conservatives, on the other hand, are commonly seen as leading opponents of the bill, more intransigent than their party colleagues in the south, ‘quick to denounce any weakening of the opposition’ to reform, and ‘determined to keep the tory party up to the mark in defending the landlord interest’

scholarly journals OST WATER VOLUME IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, IN NORTH AND CENTRAL WEST REGION

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (30) ◽  
pp. 497-503
Author(s):  
A. B. dos SANTOS ◽  
É. C. DIAS ◽  
G. P. C. da SILVA ◽  
R. P. RIBEIRO ◽  
A. M. SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
The North ◽  
West Region

Due to the events of the last years, when, mainly the Southeast region of Brazil has experienced one of the worst periods of water shortage, there has been a process of national awareness for the need of care with the quality and quantity of water. Therefore, currently in the national and world scenario is seeking to minimize the waste of water, acting mainly in the water supply systems, which have the highest loss rates of this liquid. In this way, the objective is to determine the volume of water (1000m³/year) wasted in SAA (Water Supply System), based on the amount of water produced and consumed in the North and Central-West region of Brazil and, from this, compare the losses in those regions, for the year 2015. Based on the analysis of the datas, it was verified that the water supply in the North and Central-West regions presented high losses rates, 43% and 37%, respectively. Actions such as maintenance of sanitary fittings and elimination of leaks in the residence, more efficient operation and maintenance of the system and improvement in the commercial management of service providers, are measures to combat and reduce water losses.

scholarly journals Ceramic finds from the Byzantine fort of Gradina on the island of Žirje

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Karađole ◽  
Igor Borzić
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
North African ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Area

Repeated excavations of the area of the early Byzantine fort on Žirje, an island in the Šibenik archipelago, resulted in recovery of a substantial amount of movable finds, predominantly pottery. Most finds date to the period of Justinian's reconquista in the mid-6th century when the fort was used, but there are also some artifacts of earlier or later dating (Iron Age, Hellenistic and early Imperial periods; medieval and postmedieval periods) whose presence is explained by continuous strategic importance of the fort position. Late antique material has been analyzed comprehensively in terms of typology. Dating and provenance contexts of the finds have also been determined. Presence of pottery from the main production centers that supplied the eastern Adriatic at the time has been attested. This refers in particular to the north African and Aegean-eastern Mediterranean area providing fine tableware and kitchen pottery, lamps and various forms of amphorae. On the other hand, participation of local workshops in supply of the Byzantine soldiers stationed in Gradina probably relates to prevailing forms of kitchenware.

The Leakage Detection Method of Water Supply System by Regional Model

2011 ◽  
Vol 393-395 ◽  
pp. 1018-1023
Author(s):  
Hong Li Zou
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Regional Model ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leakage Detection ◽  
Regional Network ◽  
Rational Planning ◽  
Whole Water

The losing ratio of leakage in the process of water supply is about 10%-30% in total. However, the existing water supply system has no rational planning and distribution. On the other hand, it is growing fast. It is a challenge to check the leakage in whole water supply network. This paper tries to present a solution to ensure that the regional network runs reasonably and safely, which is building a regionalization of the detected model.

A Historical Whodunit: The So-Called “Kano Chronicle” and its Place in the Historiography of Kano

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 127-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hunwick
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
The Other ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Murray Last obliquely suggests that [the “Kano Chronicle”] is best regarded as a rather free compilation of local legends and traditions drafted in the mid-seventeenth century by a humorous Muslim rationalist who almost seems to have studied under Levi-Strauss.The danger lies in being carried away by one's own ingenuity.The question of the authorship and date(s) of writing of the so-called “Kano Chronicle” (KC) and hence how historians should evaluate it as a source, have intrigued students of Kano (and wider Hausa) history since the work was first translated into English by H. R. Palmer in 1908. Palmer himself had the following to say:The manuscript is of no great age, and must on internal evidence have been written during the latter part of the decade 1883-1893; but it probably represents some earlier record which has now perished….The authorship is unknown, and it is very difficult to make a guess. On the one hand the general style of the composition is quite unlike the “note” struck by the sons of Dan Hodio [ʿUthmān b. Fūdī, Abdulahi and Muḥammad Bello, and imitated by other Fulani writers. There is almost complete absence of bias or partizanship…. On the other hand, the style of the Arabic is not at all like that usually found in the compositions of Hausa mallams of the present day; there are not nearly enough “classical tags” so to speak, in it…. That the author was thoroughly au fait with the Kano dialect of Hausa is evident from several phrases used in the book, for instance “ba râyi ba” used in a sense peculiar to Kano of “perforce.” The original may perhaps have been written by some stranger from the north who settled in Kano, and collected the stories of former kings handed down by oral tradition.

CIETRZEW W POLSCE – MOŻLIWOŚCI ZACHOWANIA POPULACJI

2019 ◽  
Vol XII ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Robert Kamieniarz
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Black Grouse ◽  
Protected Species ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Regional Projects ◽  
North Eastern Part

In 1995 the black grouse was registered in the Polish list of protected species. The national black grouse protection plan has been prepared and a few regional projects of the conservation of grouse and its areas of occurrence have been implemented. Unfortunately, adverse trends have not been turned back in the majority of regions. On the other hand, the population occurrence area has even increased locally in the mountains. The registered changes in the area of black grouse occurrence indicate that this species has the greatest chance of survival in some mountain areas in the southern part of Poland and locally in lowlands in the north-eastern part of the country. However, it is necessary to stop and reverse the unfavourable environmental changes which have been registered in areas of black grouse occurrence.

Architect Sinan's Kırkçeşme water supply system outside the city of Istanbul and city network

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 626-637
Author(s):  
Ali Uyumaz ◽  
İsmail Dabanlı
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Supply Line ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
City Network ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The City

The city of Istanbul has important water system remnants from old civilizations among which water line systems begun with Byzantine period and continued during Ottoman era, including Kırkçeşme water supply system. The original gallery structure within the Kırkçeşme system has been altered with time at some places as a result of necessary planning activities, restoration and repair works. All these activities helped to keep almost the system originality. Since its first opening in 1564, its discharge increased steadily as a result of additional drainage feeding line connections to the main gallery. However, through time only a couple of the 570 additional lines have remained in operation. Although other similar establishments have perished in time without leaving even traces, the Kırkçeşme system is its vivid and harmonious appearance in front of eyes even today. Four dams were constructed at the most convenient locations along the water supply lines from 1620 to 1818. The water from the streams was collected during the rainy season and discharged to the city at times of need with increasing capacity. In general, the Kırkçeşme system has two branches: one extends towards the east, which seemed to have more water, due to its feedback from the Kirazlı, Topuz and Paşa tributaries of the Kağıthane stream; the other branch is westwards which is fed by the Ayvad Deresi, Orta Dere and Bakraç Dere tributaries of the Kağıthane stream. All the water are brought together at Başhavuz (main pool) south of Kemerburgaz, where they collectively enter the main supply line crossing the Alibey Stream over the Mağlova Aqueduct, and then joining a branch from the Cebeciköy Stream and finally flow in towards the south. In a historical document called Tezkiret'ül Bünyan, (The Book of Structures) the author states that Sinan pledged to the Sultan about the existence of some old waterways. However, the Roman waterway still remains in the vicinity of Cebeciköy, which is located at a higher elevation than the Kırkçeşme water supply line but ran parallel to it. The water supply system should have integrated perspective for operation and maintenances. On the other hand, standing structures give to humanity the impression that the stability and design carry not only water, but also valuable cultural heritage. Moreover, they connect many civilizations with each other and also past as well as future.

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