Decision-making in crisis management of a serious digital incident: A garbage can approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 489-498
Author(s):  
Harald Fardal, PhD ◽  
Ann-Kristin Elstad, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Garbage Can Model ◽  
Management Personnel ◽  
Organizational Choice ◽  
Attack Scenario

Managing crisis challenges the ability to make numerous decisions under great uncertainty. This study address the decision-making process, and how the mix of involved individuals, prior knowledge, and available decision-makers forms the decisions made during a crisis. A large-scale exercise with a cyberattack scenario was chosen as the study’s case. The organization studied have highly skilled crisis management personnel; however, they are not used to manage a large-scale cyber-attack scenario. The garbage can model (GCM) of Organizational Choice with a few modifications is used as the analytical framework in the study.

Health Impacts of Large-Scale Floods: Governmental Decision-Making and Resilience of the Citizens

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (S2) ◽  
pp. s70-s73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dick Q.P. Fundter ◽  
Bas Jonkman ◽  
Steve Beerman ◽  
Corsmas L.P.M. Goemans ◽  
Rosanna Briggs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
First Year ◽  
The Public ◽  
Life Saving

AbstractDuring the 15th World Congress on Disaster and Emergency Medicine in Amsterdam, May 2007 (15WCDEM), a targeted agenda program (TAP) about the public health aspects of large-scale floods was organized. The main goal of the TAP was the establishment of an overview of issues that would help governmental decision-makers to develop policies to increase the resilience of the citizens during floods. During the meetings, it became clear that citizens have a natural resistance to evacuations. This results in death due to drowning and injuries. Recently, communication and education programs have been developed that may increase awareness that timely evacuation is important and can be life-saving. After a flood, health problems persist over prolonged periods, including increased death rates during the first year after a flood and a higher incidence of chronic illnesses that last for decades after the flood recedes. Population-based resilience (bottom-up) and governmental responsibility (top-down) must be combined to prepare regions for the health impact of evacuations and floods. More research data are needed to become better informed about the health impact and consequences of translocation of health infrastructures after evacuations. A better understanding of the consequences of floods will support governmental decision-making to mitigate the health impact. A top-10 priority action list was formulated.

scholarly journals Avoiding impacts on biodiversity through strengthening the first stage of the mitigation hierarchy

Oryx ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Phalan ◽  
Genevieve Hayes ◽  
Sharon Brooks ◽  
David Marsh ◽  
Pippa Howard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Building Capacity ◽  
Mitigation Hierarchy ◽  
Conservation Organizations

AbstractThe mitigation hierarchy is a decision-making framework designed to address impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services through first seeking to avoid impacts wherever possible, then minimizing or restoring impacts, and finally by offsetting any unavoidable impacts. Avoiding impacts is seen by many as the most certain and effective way of managing harm to biodiversity, and its position as the first stage of the mitigation hierarchy indicates that it should be prioritized ahead of other stages. However, despite an abundance of legislative and voluntary requirements, there is often a failure to avoid impacts. We discuss reasons for this failure and outline some possible solutions. We highlight the key roles that can be played by conservation organizations in cultivating political will, holding decision makers accountable to the law, improving the processes of impact assessment and avoidance, building capacity, and providing technical knowledge. A renewed focus on impact avoidance as the foundation of the mitigation hierarchy could help to limit the impacts on biodiversity of large-scale developments in energy, infrastructure, agriculture and other sectors.

scholarly journals "Heightened Mindfulness" in Government Decision Makers: Antecedents and Consequents During Crisis Management in the Emerging Interactive Information Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravindra Singh Bangari
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
National Level ◽  
Information Environment ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Societal Implications ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Public Leadership ◽  
The Media ◽  
Nuanced Understanding

Mindfulness in decision makers has important implications for public leadership. A more nuanced understanding of mindfulness emerges from our grounded research into three national-level crises in the emerging interactive information environment, faced by the Indian government, wherein, the media, stakeholders and the interactive information environment combined to bring the visibility factor to fore, influencing significant aspects of individual, group, organisational and societal sensemaking, framing, cognition, and behavioural responses, amidst ongoing interactions. The research led to identification of a micro-level framework, comprising the antecedents and consequents of the occurrence of “heightened mindfulness” in decision makers in the emerging interactive information environment; leading to a better understanding of the process of influence of the ongoing interactions in the emerging information environment on decision making and crisis management. This “heightened mindfulness” in decision makers and its influence on crisis decision making, in turn, are particularly significant because of their wider organisational and societal implications. The research findings and the proposed framework of crisis decision making have important implications for governments and public leadership in their decision making effectiveness during similar crises.<br>

scholarly journals "Heightened Mindfulness" in Government Decision Makers: Antecedents and Consequents During Crisis Management in the Emerging Interactive Information Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravindra Singh Bangari
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
National Level ◽  
Information Environment ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Societal Implications ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Public Leadership ◽  
The Media ◽  
Nuanced Understanding

Mindfulness in decision makers has important implications for public leadership. A more nuanced understanding of mindfulness emerges from our grounded research into three national-level crises in the emerging interactive information environment, faced by the Indian government, wherein, the media, stakeholders and the interactive information environment combined to bring the visibility factor to fore, influencing significant aspects of individual, group, organisational and societal sensemaking, framing, cognition, and behavioural responses, amidst ongoing interactions. The research led to identification of a micro-level framework, comprising the antecedents and consequents of the occurrence of “heightened mindfulness” in decision makers in the emerging interactive information environment; leading to a better understanding of the process of influence of the ongoing interactions in the emerging information environment on decision making and crisis management. This “heightened mindfulness” in decision makers and its influence on crisis decision making, in turn, are particularly significant because of their wider organisational and societal implications. The research findings and the proposed framework of crisis decision making have important implications for governments and public leadership in their decision making effectiveness during similar crises.<br>

scholarly journals A Framework for Evidence-Based Decision Making in Large-Scale Food Fortification Programs

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1802-1802
Author(s):  
Valerie Friesen ◽  
Mduduzi Mbuya ◽  
Lynnette Neufeld ◽  
Frank T Weiringa
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Program Design ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Food Fortification ◽  
Impact Pathway ◽  
Gates Foundation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Evidence Based Decision Making

Abstract Objectives The use of evidence on program performance and potential for impact for decision making in food fortification programs is limited and often done in isolation from other micronutrient interventions. We present a framework for fortification stakeholders responsible for making program recommendations and decisions to facilitate and document evidence-based decision making. Methods First, we reviewed the literature to define the key decision makers and decisions necessary for effective fortification program design and delivery, informed by a clear impact pathway. Then we classified decisions by domain, identified data sources and criteria for their assessment, and adapted the GRADE Evidence to Decision framework to summarize the results. Finally, we considered how the framework would apply to different country programs to test its utility. Results Policymakers, particularly government ministries, and the food producers themselves are the most important decision makers in a fortification program, while technical support agencies, donor agencies, and the research community play important roles in translating data and evidence into contextualized recommendations that meet the needs of different decision makers. The main fortification decision types were classified into five domains across the impact pathway: 1) program design (need, food vehicle(s)); 2) program delivery (compliance, quality, coverage); 3) program impact (nutrient intake and status); 4) overlapping micronutrient interventions and/or under-served populations; and 5) decisions to continue or stop programs. Important criteria for the assessment of each decision type included priority, benefits/risks, equity, acceptability, and feasibility among others. Country examples illustrated the importance of coordinating decision-making in the context of overlapping micronutrient interventions to ensure continued safety and impact over time. Conclusions This framework is a practical tool to enable evidence-based decision making by fortification stakeholders. Using evidence in a systematic and transparent way can enable more effective program design, delivery, and ultimately health impacts. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Decision-making model for the evaluation of industrialized housing systems in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 296-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yidnekachew Tesmamma Daget ◽  
Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Decision Factors ◽  
Important Decision

Purpose The industrialized housing system (IHS) is regarded as an effective building philosophy based on off-site construction techniques to achieve rapid and cost-effective housing development. The purpose of this paper is to develop a multi-criteria decision-making support system (DMSS) model for the evaluation of housing systems to select the relevant decision factors and to identify the types and characteristics of suitable IHSs for application in a mass housing development. Design/methodology/approach A multi-criteria DMSS model with the analytical hierarchy process was designed. Based on the literature review and also the response of the ten experts’ interviews, 30 decision factors were identified for evaluation. In addition, 5 IHSs were considered as a case study for testing the model. Then, 30 professionals participated in a questionnaire survey conducted to evaluate the priority vector importance level of the decision factors and housing systems. Findings The result of the decision-making process showed that the top three decision factors are customer needs, supply chain and the construction industry. In addition, both precast concrete beam and slab blocks, as well as agro stone panels are identified as suitable housing systems. The systems have the characteristics of being lightweight, easy to produce and erect, and cost-effective, and they use local input resources and semi-skilled labor. The findings also revealed the potential and practicality of the model among multiple alternatives across multiple decision factors. Research limitations/implications The study has faced the limitations of available professionals and experts who have rich experience in the application of IHSs. In addition, there were few types of alternative IHSs and limited practice of IHSs implementation in large-scale housing construction. These challenges caused limitations to the relevant data collection. In order to address these challenges, all the available experts from the different sectors of the construction industry with the experience of IHSs construction are invited to participate and the available alternative IHSs in the market are selected for evaluation. Practical implications The rational evaluation method used to determine the important decision factors and the general characteristics of the suitable housing systems can help housing developers and decision makers in developing countries to make informed and effective decisions. Social implications The findings of the study help to address the challenge of lack of sufficient housing supply to the overwhelming housing demand that exists and identify the most important decision factors and suitable housing systems that can be applied for the rapid and decent large-scale housing developments at an affordable price. Originality/value This paper bridges the knowledge gaps that exist regarding the identification and evaluation of IHSs in Ethiopia. This study can help practitioners, housing developers, and decision makers to make informed and effective decisions regarding the evaluation and selection of IHSs.

scholarly journals An Influence Network-Based Consensus Model for Large-Scale Group Decision Making with Linguistic Information

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengbao Yao ◽  
Miao Gu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Consensus Model ◽  
Group Consensus ◽  
Preference Information ◽  
Adjustment Strategy ◽  
Consensus Reaching

AbstractThe vast majority of the existing social network-based group decision-making models require extra information such as trust/distrust, influence and so on. However, in practical decision-making process, it is difficult to get additional information apart from opinions of decision makers. For large-scale group decision making (LSGDM) problem in which decision makers articulate their preferences in the form of comparative linguistic expressions, this paper proposes a consensus model based on an influence network which is inferred directly from preference information. First, a modified agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm is developed to detect subgroups in LSGDM problem with flexible linguistic information. Meanwhile, a measure method of group consensus level is proposed and the optimal clustering level can be determined. Second, according to the preference information of group members, influence network is constructed by determining intra-cluster and inter-cluster influence relationships. Third, a two-stage feedback mechanism guided by influence network is established for the consensus reaching process, which adopts cluster adjustment strategy and individual adjustment strategy depending on the different levels of group consensus. The proposed mechanism can not only effectively improve the efficiency of consensus reaching of LSGDM, but also take individual preference adjustment into account. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by the case of intelligent environmental protection project location decision.

Michael D. Cohen, James G. March, and Johan P. Olsen, “A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice”

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Jann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Organization Theory ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Administrative Reform ◽  
Garbage Can Model ◽  
Organizational Choice

This chapter examines “A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice,” a paper authored by Michael D. Cohen, James G. March, and Johan P. Olsen. It first discusses the assumptions of the garbage can model about decision-making in organizations, paying particular attention its three main elements: problematic preferences, unclear technologies, and fluid participation. It then considers four “relatively independent streams” and their interrelations: problems, solutions, participants, and choice opportunities. The chapter also assesses the paper’s main impact by focusing on organization theory and the original formal model before turning to the more specific areas of policy-making, administrative reform, and institutional theory.

A Novel Approach for Determining Shelter Location-Allocation in Humanitarian Relief Logistics

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-68
Author(s):  
Panchalee Praneetpholkrang ◽  
Sarunya Kanjanawattana
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Solution Process ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Location Allocation ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann

This study proposes a methodology that integrates the epsilon constraint method (EC) and artificial neural network (ANN) to determine shelter location-allocation. Since shelter location-allocation is a critical part of disaster response stage, fast decision-making is very important. A multi-objective optimization model is formulated to simultaneously minimize total cost and minimize total evacuation time. The proposed model is solved by EC because it generates the optimal solutions without intervention of decision-makers during the solution process. However, EC requires intensive computational time, especially when dealing with large-scale data. Thus, ANN is combined with EC to facilitate prompt decision-making and address the complexity. Herein, ANN is supervised by the optimal solutions generated by EC. The applicability of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through a case study of shelter allocation in response to flooding in Surat Thani, Thailand. It is plausible to use this proposed methodology to improve disaster response for the benefit of victims and decision-makers.

scholarly journals Using gross ecosystem product (GEP) to value nature in decision making

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (25) ◽  
pp. 14593-14601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyun Ouyang ◽  
Changsu Song ◽  
Hua Zheng ◽  
Stephen Polasky ◽  
Yi Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Green Growth ◽  
Economic Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Chinese Province ◽  
Compensation Payments

Gross domestic product (GDP) summarizes a vast amount of economic information in a single monetary metric that is widely used by decision makers around the world. However, GDP fails to capture fully the contributions of nature to economic activity and human well-being. To address this critical omission, we develop a measure of gross ecosystem product (GEP) that summarizes the value of ecosystem services in a single monetary metric. We illustrate the measurement of GEP through an application to the Chinese province of Qinghai, showing that the approach is tractable using available data. Known as the “water tower of Asia,” Qinghai is the source of the Mekong, Yangtze, and Yellow Rivers, and indeed, we find that water-related ecosystem services make up nearly two-thirds of the value of GEP for Qinghai. Importantly most of these benefits accrue downstream. In Qinghai, GEP was greater than GDP in 2000 and three-fourths as large as GDP in 2015 as its market economy grew. Large-scale investment in restoration resulted in improvements in the flows of ecosystem services measured in GEP (127.5%) over this period. Going forward, China is using GEP in decision making in multiple ways, as part of a transformation to inclusive, green growth. This includes investing in conservation of ecosystem assets to secure provision of ecosystem services through transregional compensation payments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document