scholarly journals Talking in another person’s shoes: Incremental perspective-taking in language processing

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Brown-Schmidt ◽  
Joy E. Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Probabilistic Constraints ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Knowledge And Beliefs ◽  
On Line ◽  
Methodological Advance

Language use in conversation is fundamentally incremental, and is guided by the representations that interlocutors maintain of each other’s knowledge and beliefs. While there is a consensus that interlocutors represent the perspective of others, three candidate models, a Perspective-Adjustment model, an Anticipation-Integration model, and a Constraint-Based model, make conflicting predictions about the role of perspective information during on-line language processing. Here we review psycholinguistic evidence for incrementality in language processing, and the recent methodological advance that has fostered its investigation—the use of eye-tracking in the visual world paradigm. We present visual world studies of perspective-taking, and evaluate each model's account of the data. We argue for a Constraint-Based view in which perspective is one of multiple probabilistic constraints that guide language processing decisions. Addressees combine knowledge of a speaker’s perspective with rich information from the discourse context to arrive at an interpretation of what was said. Understanding how these sources of information combine to influence interpretation requires careful consideration of how perspective representations were established, and how they are relevant to the communicative context.

Evidence of Perspective-Taking Constraints in Children's On-Line Reference Resolution

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna S. Nadig ◽  
Julie C. Sedivy
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Reference Resolution ◽  
Mutual Knowledge ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
On Line ◽  
Early Effects

Young children's communication has often been characterized as egocentric. Some researchers claim that the processing of language involves an initial stage that relies on egocentric heuristics, even in adults. Such an account, combined with general developmental difficulties with late-stage processes, could provide an explanation for much of children's egocentric communication. However, the experimental data reported in this article do not support such an account: In an elicited-production task, 5- to 6-year-old children were found to be sensitive to their partner's perspective. Moreover, in an on-line comprehension task, they showed sensitivity to common-ground information from the initial stages of language processing. We propose that mutual knowledge is not distinct from other knowledge relevant for language processing, and exerts early effects on processing in proportion to its salience and reliability.

scholarly journals Influence of Prosodic Information on the Processing of Split Particles: ERP Evidence from Spoken German

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Isel ◽  
Kai Alter ◽  
Angela D. Friederici
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
N400 Effect ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Linguistic Convention ◽  
On Line

Spoken language comprehension involves the use of different sources of linguistic information such as prosodic, syntactic, lexical, and semantic information. The question, however, of “when” and “how” these sources of information are exploited by the language processing system still remains unanswered. In the present study, we used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to investigate the interaction between prosodic, syntactic, and lexical information during the processing of spoken German sentences. The sentence structure was manipulated by positioning a split particle at the end of the sentences after the occurrence of inflected verb whose lexical entry does not contain a split particle (e.g., *Sie alarmierte den Detektiv an [*She alerted at the detective]) [According to linguistic convention, incorrect sentences are marked by an asterisk.]. The prosodic contour of the verb stems was manipulated such that it marked either the presence of a split particle at a later position in the sentence or not. Participants performed an off-line probe-detection task. ERP data indicate that prosodic information of German-inflected verb stems is consulted on-line by the language processing system (“parser”) in order to “predict” the presence of a split particle at a later position in the sentence. An N400 effect was observed for the processing of split particles following verb stems which do not take a particle. However, this effect was only observed when the prosody of the verb stem did signal the presence of a split particle. We argue that the N400 component reflects the high costs associated with the lexical search that the language processing system has to perform when confronted with nonexisting words such as these resulting from the combination of the split particle and the verb stem in the present study. Furthermore, as a general reflection of prosodic processes, a Closure Positive Shift (CPS) was found at intonational phrase boundaries. In sum, the present findings provide strong evidence that prosodic information is a good “predictor” of upcoming information during the auditory processing of German sentences.

Activating gender stereotypes in Italian during on-line language processing

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Siyanova-Chanturia ◽  
F. Pesciarelli ◽  
C. Cacciari
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
On Line

Crossover: a unified view

1998 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUTH KEMPSON ◽  
DOV GABBAY
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Deductive System ◽  
Anaphora Resolution ◽  
Unified View ◽  
On Line

This paper informally outlines a Labelled Deductive System for on-line language processing. Interpretation of a string is modelled as a composite lexically driven process of type deduction over labelled premises forming locally discrete databases, with rules of database inference then dictating their mode of combination. The particular LDS methodology is illustrated by a unified account of the interaction of wh-dependency and anaphora resolution, the so-called ‘cross-over’ phenomenon, currently acknowledged to resist a unified explanation. The shift of perspective this analysis requires is that interpretation is defined as a proof structure for labelled deduction, and assignment of such structure to a string is a dynamic left-right process in which linearity considerations are ineliminable.

Quarterly Chronicle and Documentation  (April-June 2004)

2004 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 852-882
Keyword(s):  
Asia Pacific ◽  
British Broadcasting Corporation ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
On Line

SourcesThe principal sources of information on which this chronicle is based are British Broadcasting Corporation, Monitoring Global News line – Asia-Pacific Political and British Broadcasting Corporation, Monitoring Global News line – Asia-Pacific Economic. These sources, now only available on-line, do not have reference numbers and are only identifiable by date of publication of material. The inclusion of each of these dates would unnecessarily clutter the text and such dates have therefore been omitted, except, at many points, for the original sources from which the BBC reports themselves are taken.

Spoken language comprehension: insights from eye movements

2007 ◽  
pp. 308-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Tanenhaus
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Language Production ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Response Measure ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Spoken Language Processing ◽  
Spoken Language Comprehension

Recently, eye movements have become a widely used response measure for studying spoken language processing in both adults and children, in situations where participants comprehend and generate utterances about a circumscribed “Visual World” while fixation is monitored, typically using a free-view eye-tracker. Psycholinguists now use the Visual World eye-movement method to study both language production and language comprehension, in studies that run the gamut of current topics in language processing. Eye movements are a response measure of choice for addressing many classic questions about spoken language processing in psycholinguistics. This article reviews the burgeoning Visual World literature on language comprehension, highlighting some of the seminal studies and examining how the Visual World approach has contributed new insights to our understanding of spoken word recognition, parsing, reference resolution, and interactive conversation. It considers some of the methodological issues that come to the fore when psycholinguists use eye movements to examine spoken language comprehension.

scholarly journals Divergence point analyses of visual world data: applications to bilingual research

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Kate Stone ◽  
Sol Lago ◽  
Daniel J. Schad
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Visual World ◽  
World Data ◽  
Divergence Point ◽  
L2 Processing ◽  
Divergence Points

Abstract Much work has shown that differences in the timecourse of language processing are central to comparing native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers. However, estimating the onset of experimental effects in timecourse data presents several statistical problems including multiple comparisons and autocorrelation. We compare several approaches to tackling these problems and illustrate them using an L1-L2 visual world eye-tracking dataset. We then present a bootstrapping procedure that allows not only estimation of an effect onset, but also of a temporal confidence interval around this divergence point. We describe how divergence points can be used to demonstrate timecourse differences between speaker groups or between experimental manipulations, two important issues in evaluating L2 processing accounts. We discuss possible extensions of the bootstrapping procedure, including determining divergence points for individual speakers and correlating them with individual factors like L2 exposure and proficiency. Data and an analysis tutorial are available at https://osf.io/exbmk/.

PP97 Delineating Key Components Of Community Paramedicine Programs

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (S1) ◽  
pp. 102-103
Author(s):  
Charles Yan ◽  
Bing Guo ◽  
Paula Corabian
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Target Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Community Paramedicine ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The Uk

Introduction:Population growth, epidemiological and demographic transition, and a shortage of healthcare workers are affecting health care systems in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US). Community paramedicine (CP) programs provide a bridge between primary care and emergency care to address the needs of patients with low acuity but lack of access to primary care. However, how to capture the key characteristics of these programs and present them in a meaningful way is still a challenge. The objective of this presentation is to identify and describe the characteristics of currently existing CP programs in the four countries to inform policy-making on CP program development in Alberta.Methods:Information was obtained from systematic reviews, health technology assessments, general reviews, and government documents identified through a comprehensive literature search. The characteristics of the CP programs are described using a framework originally developed in Australia with three categories: (i) the primary health care model, (ii) the health integration model (in Australia, called the substitution model), and (iii) the community coordination model.Results:In general, Australia emphasizes rural/remote paramedics, whereas Canada, the UK, and the US implement expanded paramedic practice within different environments including rural, remote, regional, and metropolitan settings. Extended care provider programs have been intensively investigated and widely implemented in the UK. While the identified CP programs vary in terms of program components, designation of providers, skill mix, target population, and funding model, the majority of these CP programs fall under the primary health care category of the Australian framework.Conclusions:Transitioning from hospital-based to community-based health care requires careful consideration of all key factors that could contribute to future program success. Delineating key components of CP programs using the Australian framework will help Alberta decision-makers design, develop, and implement appropriate CP programs that adequately address local needs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document