Wat bepaalt het succes van allochtonen op de arbeidsmarkt?

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaap de Koning ◽  
Olivier Tanis ◽  
José Gravesteijn-Ligthelm
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Social And Cultural Capital ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Government ◽  
Positive Factor

What determines the success that ethnic minorities have in the labour market? What determines the success that ethnic minorities have in the labour market? Ethnic minorities hold a much stronger position in the labour market nowadays than they used to some time ago. This improvement started in the middle of the 1990s and is visible in both an absolute sense as well as in relation to the indigenous Dutch. Approximately half the potential labour force of ethnic minorities has a job. Most of these jobs are permanent, are paid well above the statutory minimum wage and are of average professional level. This article addresses the central issue of why some members of ethnic minorities are successful in the labour market while others are not. The analyses are based on surveys of ethnic minorities in 2002 and 2003 and point to the important role human capital plays in determining the success in the labour market. Social and cultural capital are also of importance here. At most half of the variance of the variables indicating success can be explained by the estimated models, suggesting that other factors also play a role. Interviews with almost a hundred members of ethnic minorities who are successful in the labour market indicate that psychological factors and persistence are probably important here too. A large number of respondents mentioned the stimulating role played by their parents and families, however, the latter's level of education did not seem to be relevant. Successful ethnic minority members often worked for companies that offered them opportunities. This could also be regarded as a factor for success. Finally, many members of ethnic minorities did not consider the government to have been a positive factor in their success.

scholarly journals Employers Size Wage Differential: Does Investment in Human Capital Matter?

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (4II) ◽  
pp. 509-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafar Mueen Nasir ◽  
Nasir Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Wage Differential ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
The Government ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Wage differential due to employer size is one of the key areas of interest in labour market research because a strong positive relationship between employer size and wages has been observed in developed and developing countries. It is, however, relatively neglected area of research in Pakistan. The purpose of present study is to investigate the employer size wage differential by looking at human capital factors. The study is based on standard methodology and estimates earning functions on Labour Force Survey (LFS) data for year 2007-08. Results clearly show that human capital investment has a bigger role in determining wages in the larger firms as compared to smaller firms. The main policy implications emanating from the analysis are the higher investment in skill which increases opportunities for workers in the labour market for higher wages and for jobs with good characteristics especially in large sized firms. The government policy towards education and skill formation needs serious reforms and better allocation of funds so that people get chance to enhance their skill level hence wages. JEL classification: J31, J40, J24 Keywords: Wage Differential, Human Capital, Labour Market

scholarly journals Spatial Analysis Of Human Capital Structures

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Gajdos
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Occupational Structure ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Data Source ◽  
The Impact

The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the interdependence between labour productivity and the occupational structure of human capital in a spatial cross-section. Research indicates (see Fischer 2009) the possibility to assess the impact of the quality of human capital (measured by means of the level of education) on labour productivity in a spatial cross-section. This study attempts to thoroughly analyse the issue, assuming that apart from the level of education, the course of education (occupation) can also be a significant factor determining labour productivity in a spatial cross-section. The data used in this paper concerning labour force structure in major occupational groups in a regional cross-section comes from a Labour Force Survey. The data source specificity enables the assessment of labour force occupational specialisation at the regional level and the estimation of this specialisation at the subregional or county level. An in-depth analysis of the occupational structure of the labour market in a spatial cross-section is an important theoretical and practical area of study necessary for the development of effective labour market policies and the education system.

scholarly journals The Effects of Human Capital by Gender on Economic Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Mohd Shahidan Shaari ◽  
Razinda Tasnim Abdul Rahim ◽  
Nor Hidayah Harun ◽  
Faiz Masnan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
Male Labour

The issue of human capital by gender has been sparsely discussed in previous literature especially male labour force. The contribution of both genders to economic growth has intensified every year. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of human capital by gender on economic growth in Malaysia. Data ranging from 1982 to 2018 were analysed by using the ARDL approach. The results show that higher male labour force participation rates can boost economic growth in the short run and long run in Malaysia. Higher female labour force participation rates, on the other hand, can reduce economic growth in the short run and long run in Malaysia. Therefore, the government should encourage more male labour to participate in the labour market by giving incentives. More job opportunities should be created for both genders.

scholarly journals Immigrants’ educational credentials leading to employment outcomes: The role played by language skills

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-191
Author(s):  
María Miyar-Busto ◽  
Fco. Javier Mato Díaz ◽  
Rodolfo Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Employment Outcomes ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Labour Market Situation ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Educational Credentials

Transferability of human capital is a key issue in the analysis of immigrants’ integration in the destination country, according to both empirical and theoretical literature. In addition to the problem of recognition of immigrants’ educational credentials and their lack of social networks, language is highlighted in the literature as a crucial factor regarding human capital transfer. This paper considers the role played by Spanish language skills in the integration of migrants into the labour market in Spain. It takes advantage of the fact that about half of the immigrant population have Spanish as their native language, and of the diversity levels of fluency in Spanish among the remaining immigrants. Using the Labour Force Survey special module on the labour market situation of immigrants (INE 2015), the research has two purposes: first, to measure the direct effect of language skills on employment outcomes; and second, to analyze the complementary vs. substitution hypotheses regarding the interaction between Spanish language skills and educational credentials as determining factors for employment. The results confirm that skill levels in Spanish have a significant role regarding access to employment. Regarding the complementary vs. substitution hypotheses, interesting gender differences appear that confirm the striking contrasts in the Spanish labour market for female and male immigrants. For men, their level of Spanish acts as a complement to their educational qualifications in helping them to obtain employment, but this is not the case for women. However, female immigrant workers seem to obtain higher employment returns on their educational qualifications than men when it comes to avoiding very low-skilled jobs.

scholarly journals Self-Employment Dynamics of Immigrants and Natives: Individual-level Analysis for the Canadian Labour Market

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6671
Author(s):  
Nisar Ahmad ◽  
Amjad Naveed ◽  
Rayhaneh Esmaeilzadeh ◽  
Amber Naz
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
State Dependence ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Employment Dynamics ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Core Questions ◽  
Government Provision ◽  
Labour Market Discrimination

This paper analyses the dynamic transitions of self-employment in four states of the Canadian labour market (paid-employment, self-employment, unemployment, and being out of the labour force) by answering three core questions: (1) What are the determinants of the transitions into and out of the four labour market states? (2) Are the probabilities of transitions between immigrants and natives significantly different, and if so, are they due to entry–exit rate gaps between immigrants and natives? (3) What are the proportions of spurious and structural state dependence in the labour market states of immigrants and natives? Our analysis was based on longitudinal data from Canada’s Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) for males aged 25 to 55 for the period 1993 to 2004. Our results revealed that immigrants rather than natives are relatively more likely to be self-employed during the unemployment period. The findings also confirmed that males with positive investment income or wealth tended to be largely self-employed. From a policy perspective, the government provision of financial support towards self-employment positively benefits natives in seeking self-employment opportunities. Government policies to lessen labour market discrimination promotes the self-employment of immigrants.

Labour force and unemployment in Arab countries: selected indicators

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabi El-Khoury
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Force Distribution ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Market Needs

This statistical file is concerned with the latest available data that might be useful in dealing with the issue of the labour force and unemployment in Arab countries and worldwide. Table 1 introduces data on the working-age populations, while Table 2 shows figures on the labour force participation rates. Table 3 provides statements on the percentage of children (between 5 and 14 years) who are working in Arab countries, while Table 4 presents figures on the labour force distribution by sector. Table 5 is concerned with data on the employment rates, while Table 6 presents data on labour distribution by level of education in selected Arab countries. Data on education outputs and labour market needs in selected Arab countries and on the perceptions of work and the labour market are shown in Tables 7 and 8 respectively.

scholarly journals Immigrants and Immigration Policy in Ageing Finland

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (15) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Anna Łobodzińska
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Immigrant Population ◽  
Demographic Changes ◽  
The Government

Immigrants and Immigration Policy in Ageing Finland The paper addresses the issue of current immigration to Finland in the context of population ageing. It is estimated that about 40% of the present labour force will have withdrawn from the Finnish labour market by the year 2020. The government of this rapidly ageing country is seeking possible remedies to the problem of a shrinking labour force. The necessity of attracting a new workforce as well as the growing number of immigrants in the ethnically homogeneous Finnish society create a need for more detailed and creative immigration policy. The paper analyzes the age and economic structure of the immigrant population, its participation in the labour market as well as the importance of immigration in contemporary demographic changes in Finland. Another aim of this paper is to outline major issues concerning Finnish immigration policy.

scholarly journals Remaining active in the labour market: Trends and characteristics of the over 50s

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
Thomas Turner
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
National Household Survey ◽  
Market Trends

AbstractDrawing on the Quarterly National Household Survey (QNHS), this paper examines changes in the proportion of people aged over 50, active in the Irish labour market from 1998 to 2014. Results indicate that an increasing number of workers over 50 remain active, due mainly to the dramatic increase in the proportion of older females remaining in the labour force. By 2014 the 50 to 64 age group accounted for a quarter of all economically active people in the labour market between 15 and 64. Older workers are more likely to be employees and less likely to be employers or self-employed in 2014 compared to 1998. Older workers in lower-level occupations, particularly over the age of 60, are more likely to remain economically active. Level of education is strongly associated with the likelihood of older workers remaining economically active, particularly for the 50-59 age group and for females. .

scholarly journals Exploring the Factors that Impact Students' Transitions to University in Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangyao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
Disadvantaged Students ◽  
Social And Cultural Capital ◽  
Transition Outcomes ◽  
Extra Curricular Activities ◽  
Australian Education ◽  
The Government ◽  
Geographical Locations

There are prominent gaps in educational opportunities and academic outcomes in the Australian education system. The government has made efforts to narrow the gaps and increase the proportion of Australians with higher education qualifications. However, disadvantaged students still lack access to educational opportunities and resources, and are underrepresented in university populations. This essay explores the influential factors that can affect young people's academic and transition outcomes, which involve students' socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds, engagement in extra-curricular activities and geographical locations. This essay also mainly draws on Bourdieu's theory on social and cultural capital to explain the associations between those factors and students' transitions to university in Australia. 

Employable identities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Greenbank
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Performance ◽  
Social Constructionist ◽  
Social And Cultural Capital ◽  
Experience Levels ◽  
The Social ◽  
Forced Migrants

Abstract Navigating the labour market in a new context can be a challenge for any migrant, and particularly so for former refugees, who are often unable to find employment appropriate for their qualification and experience levels. This study takes an Interactional Sociolinguistic approach to exploring how three former refugees navigate employability in narrative, from the social constructionist perspective of employable identities, emergent from and negotiated within discourse. The study focuses specifically on the participants’ discursive navigation of their various (Bourdieusian) social and cultural capital and its importance to labour market performance. Evident in the data are the difficulties of translating – or having recognised – a lifetime’s accumulation of capital, often rendered worthless upon migration. Such challenges impact upon forced migrants’ ability to successfully enact employability, and subsequently upon their imagined (future) identities. This research highlights former refugees’ complex challenges involved with successful navigation of employability in a new context.

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