A Destiny Repeated: Episodes of Destruction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kriston R. Rennie
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
The Face ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter introduces numerous historical witnesses to the abbey’s past, whose perspectives are preserved from the Middle Ages to the present day. Telling their stories is fundamental to understanding the abbey’s representation over time. This historical exercise is critical also to framing Monte Cassino’s resilience and rationalisation in the face of great adversity, which is a necessary step towards explaining its full-scale resurrection in the aftermath of destruction. Treating each case in tandem provides a wider view of the abbey’s ‘destruction tradition’ over fourteen centuries; its focus also explains and positions these episodes in the construction of Monte Cassino’s true identity during the process of recovery, which inevitably followed.

scholarly journals The translation and transmission of ‘diatribal’ verbs in the textual traditions of the Zlatostruj collection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simeon Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Form Equation ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Textual History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Textual Traditions ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractThe ‘diatribe’ is a dialogical mode of exposition, originating in Hellenistic Greek, where the author dramatically performs different voices in a polemical-didactic discourse. The voice of a fictitious opponent is often disambiguated by means of parenthetical verba dicendi, especially φησί(ν). Although diatribal texts were widely translated into Slavic in the Middle Ages, the textual history of the Zlatostruj collection of Chrysostomic homilies especially suits an investigation not only of how Greek ‘diatribal’ verbs were translated, but also how the Slavic verbs were transmitted or developed in different textual traditions. Over time, Slavic redactional activity led to a homogenization of verb forms. The initial variety of the original translation was partly eliminated, and the verb forms "Equation missing" and "Equation missing" became more firmly established as prototypical diatribal formulae. Especially the (increased) use of the 2sg form "Equation missing" has theoretical consequences for the text’s dialogical structure. Thus, an important dialogical component of the diatribe was reinforced in the Zlatostruj’s textual history on Slavic soil.

A brief history of suicidal behaviour

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Navneet Kapur ◽  
Robert Goldney
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Suicidal Behaviour ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter places suicide and suicidal behaviour in a European historical context. Although suicide has been documented throughout history, its meaning and functions have varied over time. In the Middle Ages, suicide was regarded as sinful but, subsequently, was conceptualized in terms of social influences or mental illness. Systematic research into suicidal behaviour has been undertaken for more than two centuries. The contributions of Morselli, using statistical and epidemiological techniques, were particularly notable. Many of the accepted social and psychiatric antecedents of suicide we talk about today were well described by the nineteenth century.

Introduction

2007 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Lasker
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The Face ◽  
Historical Relationship ◽  
New Religion ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
Rational Arguments

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the historical relationship between Judaism and Christianity, which had not been peaceful. Through the ages, Christian thinkers had made Judaism the object of attack, hoping to convince Jews to abandon their ancestral faith. From the earliest days of the new religion, when Christianity was just emerging from Judaism, Christians sought to demonstrate to Jews that Jesus was the expected messiah and that the doctrines he taught were true. Many Jews did not remain passive in the face of the Christian challenge to their religion. Talmudic and midrashic literature offers evidence that Jews were aware of the story of Jesus as related in the Gospels and basic Christian doctrines, against which they argued. In a later period, Jewish thinkers in Muslim countries polemicized against Christianity. This book therefore studies the Jewish philosophical polemic against Christianity in the Middle Ages. In combating the doctrines of Christianity, Jewish polemicists employed a variety of types of argumentation to strengthen their own beliefs. These arguments may be divided into three distinct categories: exegetical arguments, historical arguments, and rational arguments.

scholarly journals Studying the History of the Slavic Stishnoy Prologue: New Opportunities and Prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Shcheglova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Critical Edition ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Textual Criticism ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Important Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

In this review, the author analyses the Tarnovo Edition of the Stishnoy Prologue. Texts: Lexical Index (published by Bulgarian researchers Georgi Petkov and Maria Spasova) and focuses on the structure of the publication, providing a detailed description of the parts of each volume: prologue texts, prologue poems, the lexical index, and the index of saints’ names. The review evaluates the work from the point of view of its academic contribution. The reviewer largely agrees with the authors’ point of view on the history and the study of the Stishnoy Prologue set forth in the preface to the publication. While objecting to some points, the reviewer evaluates the work highly, considering it an important stage in the process of studying the history of the Stishnoy Prologue, one of the most widespread hagiographic calendar collections of the Middle Ages. The publication of the texts of the Stishnoy Prologue, even those in just the Tarnovo edition, can be a powerful catalyst for further textual criticism and linguistic studies of the numerous Russian, Serbian, and Bulgarian copies that have survived to the present day. Ultimately, the reviewed publication can become the basis for a full-scale critical edition of the Stishnoy Prologue. The review emphasises the timeless significance of this publication for Slavic studies, its innovative character, its structural integrity, its theoretical sophistication, and the enormous practical importance of the work for Bulgarian philologists.

scholarly journals CIRCE PAINTINGS BY JOHN WILLIAM WATERHOUSE IN THE CONTEXT OF FEMINISM

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (73) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Femme Fatale ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Patriarchal System ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Witch ◽  
The Middle Ages

Feminism is a way of thinking that deals with the pressures, obstacles and difficulties women experience due to their being women, and includes the elimination of these separating attitudes and the struggle of women to be equal with men in all areas of life. The fact that women are not equated with men in social life goes back a long time. The Middle Ages can be defined as a dark age in terms of equality between women and men, as in many other aspects. In this context, it was found important that the majority of those killed during the witch age period in the Middle Ages were women and most of these women were healers who benefited from nature. Witches are defined as a concept in which nature and women are together as the enemy of the patriarchal system. In this article, depictions of women witches increasing in the art of painting following witch courts will be mentioned, the concept of femme fatale into which the image of a witch has transformed, and the paintings of Circe, the femme fatale (the woman who caused disaster), one of the important painters of her time, will be examined in the context of feminism. Waterhouse, one of the painters of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, depicted scenes from different stories, influenced by one of the most common features of the movement, mythological stories and poems. Choosing the most critical scenes of these stories, Waterhouse reinforces the image of a strong, wild woman. Can Circe be a symbol of the Feminine Power in the face of the perceptions and social pressures that are being tried to be destroyed, oppressed, not allowed to be herself, and still continue today? Keywords: Circe, Feminism, Waterhouse, femme fatale

scholarly journals Mos geometricus v. Reality: Quantity, Quality, Time and Information in Combat Simulations since the Middle Ages

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-202
Author(s):  
Jürg Gassmann ◽  
Samuel Gassmann
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The World ◽  
Single Combat ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Simulated Training ◽  
Key Questions ◽  
The Middle Ages

Abstract The non-lethal simulated training of lethal reality, whether it be single combat or war, was historically a question of life and death. We provide an analytical framework for evaluating historical precedents in fight simulations by focussing on two key questions: What was the philosophy guiding the conception of reality – in particular, did historical practitioners see reality as deterministic, and if not, how did they see it? And how did the simulations deal with the elements of quantity, quality, timing, and information? The analysis shows that our ancestors’ perception of the reality of fighting chan-ged over time, as their interpretations of reality for the world at large changed. Considerable intellectual effort and ingenuity were invested into attempts to understand reality and formulate corresponding realistic simulations, making these ludic artefacts reflective, sometimes iconic for, and occasionally ahead of their historical-cultural context. Seemingly irrational phenomena, such as the persistence of lethal duelling, had perfectly pragmatic elements.

scholarly journals O kształtowaniu się polskiej terminologii gramatycznej

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (5/2020(774)) ◽  
pp. 60-75
Author(s):  
Wanda Decyk-Zięba
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Polish Culture ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Middle Ages

The fi rst Polish grammatical terms came into existence as early as in the Middle Ages. Due to the role played by Latin in the Polish culture and science, the relations between the Polish terminology under forma tion and the already formed Latin terminology are signifi cant. This is noticeable not only in bilingual (Latin–Polish) grammar book by E. Donat but also in the fi rst Polish-language grammar books by W. Szylarski and O. Kopczyński. The latter rendered considerable services to the codifi cation of grammatical terminology. In the 19th century, it was impossible to popularise J. Przybylski’s and A. Morzycki’s innovative terminological propositions. The development of the Polish scientifi c linguistics gives rise to a revision of the earlier grammatical systematics, which results also in a change in the nomenclature. The distinctness of grammatical lexis is evidenced by the glossaries attached to the grammar books. Some of the terms have entered the vocabulary common to various varieties of Polish over time.

Aelred of Rievaulx's Rhetoric and Morale at the Battle of the Standard, 1138

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. E. Bliese
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Military History ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Fighting Spirit ◽  
The Face ◽  
Intangible Factor ◽  
Considerable Detail ◽  
The Middle Ages

The morale or fighting spirit of an army has always been a most important if intangible factor in military success. Clausewitz believed that “the moral [psychological] elements are among the most important in war.” Field-Marshal Montgomery went so far as to claim that “the morale of the soldier is the greatest single factor in war.” And Napoleon's dictum has often been quoted: in war “the moral is to the physical as three is to one.” Since morale is such an elusive quality, however, its role in military history can be nearly lost in the study of battles of long ago. Indeed, the historians of medieval warfare have been little concerned with it. Philippe Contamine, in hisWar in the Middle Ages, includes a short chapter on courage, which focuses on theological definitions of courage as a virtue and risk assessment in the wars of the later middle ages. J. F. Verbruggen makes a number of valuable comments on the psychology of war. But these two are notable exceptions. Of course, the evidence for mental states in medieval battles is severely limited, but even what little there is has been largely overlooked.For at least one significant battle, the Battle of the Standard, there is evidence which shows the psychology of one of the two armies which faced one another on a foggy August morning in 1138. We can see in considerable detail the low morale of the northern English forces as they tried in desperation to stop a devastating invasion by the king of Scotland. We can see their concerns and fears, and some of the attempts by the leaders to overcome them and rouse their spirits. We indeed get a remarkable glimpse of “the face of battle”—or at least the pre-battle. Military historians of the middle ages have neglected this building of battle morale entirely; although other historians have made passing reference to it. Since the evidence for the morale of the English army at the Battle of the Standard is so unusual and full, it deserves greater attention. The developments leading up to the battle will be considered briefly, and then evidence that reveals the psychology of a medieval army will be considered in detail.

‘MONS MANUFACTUS’: ROME'S MAN-MADE MOUNTAINS BETWEEN HISTORY AND NATURAL HISTORY (c. 1100–1700)

2017 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 171-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Donkin
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Middle Ages

Rome's man-made mounds occupy a position between built antiquities and natural features. In the Middle Ages and early modern period, particular attention was paid to Monte Testaccio, the Mausoleum of Augustus, and the related ‘mons omnis terra’. Debate focused on the origins and composition of the mounds, thought to contain either earth brought to Rome as symbolic tribute, pottery used to hold monetary tribute, or pottery produced locally. Developing over time in different genres of writing on the city, these interpretations were also employed in works on historical, religious and geological themes. The importation of material, expressive of relations between Rome and the wider world in antiquity, was used to draw positive and negative comparisons with present-day rulers and the papacy, and to associate Rome with Babylon. The growth of the mounds and the presence of ceramics were invoked in discussions of the formation of mountains and montane fossils. If the mounds' ambiguities facilitated their incorporation into other debates, the terms in which they are discussed reflect ongoing engagement with literature on the city. The reception of these monuments thus offers a distinctive perspective on the significance of Rome to connections between spheres of knowledge in this period.

scholarly journals The Review of impacts regarding Sacerdotalism on religious and moral conduct of Christianity

ĪQĀN ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (04) ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Rizwan Elahi ◽  
Dr. Sajid Asdullah
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Divine Revelation ◽  
Human History ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Moral Conduct ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

Freedom of human mind, essential to intellectual progress, has been trampled unprecedentedly by the Christian Church, in human history. The despotism displayed by the Priest was unmatchable even to the absolutism, manifested by Alexander and the Caesar. In the middle Ages, when every other institution of society was awakening from slumber of superstitions and advancing towards Renaissance, the church had rooted its totalitarianism with such dexterity that it was unshakable. If it had been exponent of divinity instated of despicable activities, the history of human enlightenment would not have been checked by murk of cruelty, ignorance and usurpation. It is need of our time to wash out the blemish of rigidity, intolerance and fanaticism, thrust upon the face of Islam. To abolish brutality and inhumanity, engulfing the whole planet, it is inevitable to diagnose the origin of this viciousness. In this regard, the exploration of the divine revelation of Testaments may be helpful. It is conjectured that the perusal would be conducive to bring to lime light, the strings of havoc waged in the name of Sacerdotalism. The forces trying to defame Islam in itself have been the epitome of narrowness, dogmatism and bigotry.

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