Conceptualization of the Penology System under Islamic Criminal Law

Islam propounds a culture where everybody follows the rules. Islam aims to preserve peace and tranquillity within the society and thus takes all required legal action to ensure the community against disruptive elements. The notion of retribution in Islam is not the primary law of Islam. They are only imposed as a requirement or series and a vindication of the primary structure of Islamic society. Criminal activity within the revered Islamic order of society is not condoned. Islam aims to change the world by changing its human adherents. Shariah law is focused on the individual rights of persons, but those rights only exist within a framework that stresses the rights of other people. Islam is not against the relative culpability of offenders and how circumstances regulate illegal conduct. Islam is the only religion where its laws and regulations are enforced according to a particular set of laws and regulations. Islam uses a system of proportional punishment. Islamic punishments are entirely justified because Islam takes complete steps to deter crime and inculcates offenders' moral conduct. The Islamic Criminal law has accepted several crimes by offering deterrence, reformative, retaliate and other kinds of punishments to uphold harmony in the community and rehabilitate the offenders. This paper focuses on the Islamic penology and the concept of crime and their punishment and explores its social, historical, and current value

Building of Family-based Islamic Character for Children in Tablighi Jamaat Community

This study is aimed at exploring how to build family-based Islamic character in the Tablighi Jamaat community. As a qualitative study, the research was conducted by using an ethnographic approach. The data were collected through direct interviews with ten informants which are the heads of the family that belong to the Tablighi Jamaat community. Moreover, the researcher was also involved in some religious activities of the community for two years that the observation during the activities can be used to reinforce the result of the interviews. Those activities are Ijtima’ (annual gathering), Bayan Markas (sermon), Ta’lim Halaqah, Khuruj (proselytizing tour), Jaulah, and some informal visits to interviewees’ families. All data, both interviews and direct observation, were thematically analyzed by using specific software, namely NVivo 12. Based on the data it is found that there are five major Islamic characters could be developed through the family-based character building in the Jama’ah Tablghi community, namely: (1) good moral conduct to parents, (2) having a sense of shame to violate the shari’a, (3) behaving based on Islamic shari’a, (4) time punctuality, (5) good moral characters. Finally, the findings reveal that the building of family-based Islamic characters in the Tablighi Jamaat community contributes to the positive effects of children's Islamic characters in family and community.

Legal Aspects of the Role of the Corrector of the Clergyin the Early Fifteenth-Century Diocese of Prague

The paper focuses on the institution of the Corrector of the Clergy within the Diocese of Prague. This ecclesial administrative representative was a criminal judge who also oversaw the moral conduct of the clergy. The paper compares legal rules set by the Church for the clergy through synodical statutes and an actual enforcement of these duties by the Corrector. The paper analyses the judicial book covering the period from 1407 to 1410, examining the judge’s approach to moral delicts (breach of celibate, etc.), which constituted the majority of the cases. Emphasis is given on the prescribed punishments.

Visual Compassion for Women’s Empowerment

Little attention has been given to principles of Buddhist moral conduct in the West. There are ten virtuous actions of Buddhist moral conduct, called the Ten Virtuous Deeds of the Bodhisattvas. Drawing from the works of contemporary women thinkers and artists, this article considers how the beauty of human nature and spirituality can be cultivated based on Buddhist feminist perspectives. There are many oppressed women in Asian countries whose voices are not heard in society. Buddhist feminism based on the Ten Virtuous Deeds of the Bodhisattvas can probe deeply into the heart of the moral issues and nurture the powerful flow of spiritual energy for the women. This is a theoretical study that elaborates on women’s struggle for their liberation as inspired by the art of Rima Fujita.

RZYMIANIE I ICH PRAWO. INSTYTUCJE SPOŁECZEŃSTWA NIEEGALITARNEGO

Roman authors demonstrated this hierarchy-oriented approach already when talking about the very establishment of Rome by Romulus, who divided then the foundational community into social orders of patricians and plebeians. Rome begins not with the individuals entering into a kind of social contract but with the pre-existing community. This community is granted with new identity with establishment of a specific order, that allowed addressing all the needs of the community and provided it with significant potential for expansion. Both social orders were burdened with the duties of mutual care and the specific duties towards Roman community itself. Therefore, the social relationships were understood in terms of duties and not rights. In order to provide for proper functioning of this social system, special institutions were established. Among others, that were described, particular attention was paid to Censors being in charge of supervising appropriate moral conduct of the citizens. The Censors exercised control over the way in which the citizens performed their moral duties, i.e. whether they have been observing mores (socially accepted patterns of conduct) in social life. Requirements stemming from the mores depended on the social position, and the higher the social position was, the greater were the requirements towards a given citizen. Censors could punish a citizen who had violated mores, with a censor’s note (nota censoria). The effect of the censor’s note were diverse and could entail severe consequences ending with exclusion from the community which resulted in deprivation of citizenship (capitis deminutio media).

Julian the Apostate’s religious policy and renovatio imperii morumque in the Res Gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus

This article deals with Julian the Apostate’s religious policy and its relationship with the renewal of both the Roman state and the morals of Roman society during the emperor’s reign. Julian, who was a zealous follower of pagan religion, attempted to re-establish the old cultus deorum in the Christian-pagan society and to make paganism the Roman state religion. Ammianus, who witnessed Julian’s reign, shows in his Res Gestae that the emperor did his utmost to renew equally the morals of society and condition of the state. In this article the author argues that ‒ according to Ammianus ‒ Julian’s religious programme influenced neither his good moral conduct nor his secular policy. In the Res Gestae, the historian demonstrates that the imperial power as well as Julian’s virtues were sufficient means to renew the morals of society and to restore and strengthen the state, whereas religion only accompanied the emperor’s moves and did not influence them. This article was written with a view to presenting Ammianus’ standpoint on this matter as it emerges from the Res Gestae; one that may seem contrary to how some modern scholars tend to accentuate the role played by pagan religion in the secular policy of the Apostate.

A University in Zion: Max Weber and Gershom Scholem on Jewish Eschatology and Academic Labor

In his “Science as Vocation,” Weber equates rational academic conduct with Jewish ethics. For Weber, the Jewish tradition, which separates moral conduct from messianism, is emblematic of scientists’ strenuous distinction of empiricism from metaphysics. The emergence of a Zionist university in Jerusalem, an institute that was positioned as a part of a Jewish nation-building project, complicated this parallel. This article examines Gershom Scholem's activist approach to Jewish studies as a fundamental revision of the Weberian model of scholarship with the significant role that this model destines to the Jewish tradition. Scholem's vision of scholarship at the Zionist university constitutes Jewish eschatology as a pillar of a scholastic national tradition. Scholem's portrayal of Jewish messianism as an insular tradition overturns Weber's portrayal of Jewish ethics as a lesson for Western academia. Reading Scholem with Weber shows that the enterprise of founding a university in Jerusalem ran counter to European liberal conceptions of Judaism. Moreover, reading them together shows Scholem's notion of academic labor to reinstitute a separatist theological ethos as a formative model for scholarship.

EFFECT OF MORAL CONDUCT ON TAX MANAGEMENT: COHERENT PERCEPTIVE

The exploration was undertaken on the effect of moral conduct on tax management: Coherent perceptive. The objectives were to: determine the effect of tax equity on tax management in Nigeria; investigate how tax payers’ integrity influence tax management in Nigeria; ascertain the nexus of fairness and tax management in Nigeria; and examine the impact of honesty on tax management in Nigeria. The design adopted in this study was an ex post facto design. This is because the events had already taken place before the investigation is carried out. The ex-post facto design uses descriptive survey to scientifically collect data from a population and explores the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The data for the study were analyzed with multiple linear regression technique to determine the nexus between the moral conduct of tax payers and tax management. The result revealed that tax equity, taxpayers’ integrity, tax fairness and tax honesty affect tax management in Nigeria. Therefore, the study ended by making the following suggestions; that great care should be taken in developing a code of best practice for tax managers to ensure that all the moral factors are effectively addressed within this code for efficient and effective tax structure. The public authorities and tax managers should encourage taxpayers’ knowledge and integrity through the provision of quality infrastructural facilities and other incentives to enhance its revenue generation. The motivation of tax payers through the provision of public goods and services will help to encourage them to remit their tax liabilities and hence improve on their moral conducts for efficient tax management. Individual tax laws need to adhere to moral internal and external standards, such as equal treatment and principles imminent to a given tax, derived from its legal character. The moral quality or fairness of tax law is important because it determines the reach of the obligation of the constituents to pay taxes and the level of voluntary compliance. The tax system should be fair and objective. High level of literacy and managerial capability should be enhanced through adequate sensitization and awareness on the part of the taxpayers, while the managerial competence of the tax collectors should be appropriately enhanced towards the development of efficient tax system. JEL: L20; L23 <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0785/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

ADULT CHRISTIAN EDUCATION: A TRAINING OF KINGDOM WORKERS

Christian adult learners are to be trained to demonstrate Christlikenessand become agents of change in the society where there is the decadence of morality and godliness. Sadly, many Christian institutions that engage in adult education are not preparing their students to function as agents of change in a corrupt society. Instead, most Christian institutions have concentrated on the development of adult learners both intellectually and theologically. The purpose of adult Christian education is to train workers for the kingdom of Christ. Upon completing their training, adult Christians are to be sent to the world as transformation and development agents. They are to engage in good moral conduct as the redeeming salt and light of the world and respond to violence and injustice in society. Therefore, adult learners teachers should be aware that adult Christians teaching and training should not focus mainly on training intellectuals but must also include moral education and spirituality.

A wholesome diet and care for post covid Prameha Rogi (diabetic patient).

World community is facing an unprecedented pandemic of novel corona virus diseases ( COVID -19 ) caused by several acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 ( SARA-COV-2) infection attacking mainly on the immune system of the body. It is a potentially fatal disease that is of public health and economy concern globally.1 In Ayurveda, Acharaya Charaka explained the concept of an pandemic condition in janapadodhwansa adhayay and combating of these disease is to be done by panchakarma (five procedure of purification), rasayana chikitsa (immune modulators therapy) and sadvritta (good conduct).2 Ayurveda strongly emphasize on preventive and promotive aspect of health rather than curative. Centuries ago, Ayurveda laid the concepts of dinacharya (daily regimen for healthy living), ritucharaya (seasonal regimen of healthy living), sadvritta ( moral conduct) and achar rasayana (social conducts).3 The outbreak of COVID -19 all over the world has posed several new challenges to prameha rogi ( diabetic patient). Care and has also provided an opportunity for new lessons to be learnt in what seems to be transforming the way we treat and care prameha rogi (diabetic patient).