scholarly journals Studying the Applicability of Proof of Reputation(PoR) as an Alternative Consensus Mechanism for Distributed Ledger Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oladotun Aluko ◽  
Anton Kolonin
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Incentive Mechanisms ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Consensus Group ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Shared State

Blockchains combine several other technologies like cryptography, networking, and incentive mechanisms in order to support the creation, validation, and recording of transactions between participating nodes. A blockchain system relies on a consensus algorithm to determine the shared state among distributed nodes. An important component underlying any blockchainbased system is its consensus mechanism, which determines the characteristics of the overall system. This thesis proposes a reputation-based consensus mechanism for blockchain-based systems which we term Proof-of-Reputation(PoR) that uses the liquid rank algorithm where the reputation of a node is calculated by blending the normalized ratings by other nodes in the network for a given period with the reputation values of the nodes giving the ratings. The nodes with the highest reputation values eventually become part of the consensus group that determines the state of the blockchain.

scholarly journals Proof-of-Reputation: An Alternative Consensus Mechanism for Blockchain Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
Oladotun Aluko ◽  
Anton Kolonin
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
P2p Networks ◽  
Security Risk ◽  
Incentive Mechanisms ◽  
Consensus Group ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Shared State ◽  
At Will

Blockchains combine other technologies, such as cryptography, networking, and incentive mechanisms, to enable the creation, validation, and recording of transactions between participating nodes. A consensus algorithm is used in a blockchain system to determine the shared state among distributed nodes. An important component underlying any blockchain-based system is its consensus mechanism, which principally determines the performance and security of the overall system. As the nature of peer-topeer(P2P) networks is open and dynamic, the security risk within that environment is greatly increased mostly because nodes can join and leave the network at will. Thus, it is important to have a system that can check against malicious behaviour. In this work, we propose a reputation-based consensus mechanism for blockchain-based systems, Proof-of-Reputation(PoR) where the nodes with the highest reputation values eventually become part of a consensus group that determines the state of the blockchain.

scholarly journals Consensus Algorithms Blockchain: A comparative study

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Siham Hattab ◽  
Imad Fakhri Taha Alyaseen
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
The State ◽  
Verification And Validation ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Consensus Algorithms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Distributed Ledger Technology ◽  
Encrypted Database

A blockchain is a Distributed Ledger Technology that has been defined as a “distributed, shared, encrypted database that serves as an irreversible and incorruptible repository of information. Blockchain can be defined as a peer-to-peer distributed ledger that is cryptographically secure, append-only, immutable and updatable only via consensus or agreement among peers. In blockchain platforms, each transaction in the public ledger is verified by consensus of the majority of the system participants in a transparent and secure way. The consensus algorithm refers to the process of attaining an unified agreement on the state of the network in a decentralized way and to facilitate the verification and validation of information being added to the blockchain. This paper aims at providing a comparison between most of the recent consensus algorithms regarding the scalability of the algorithm; the type of blockchain, node identity, the performance of the algorithm (in terms of throughput & latency) and Adversial Tolerance and to deliver a solid basis for discussions about current statistics. In this research, we also presented a new category of the Blockchain consensus algorithms, which consist of three groups as follows; the proof based on Hardware, the proof based on stake, and the proof based on voting.

scholarly journals Consensus Crash Testing: Exploring Ripple’s Decentralization Degree in Adversarial Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klitos Christodoulou ◽  
Elias Iosif ◽  
Antonios Inglezakis ◽  
Marinos Themistocleous
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Finding ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Consensus Protocol ◽  
Malicious Nodes ◽  
Crash Testing ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Critical Requirement ◽  
Adversarial Environments ◽  
Shared State ◽  
Robust Consensus

The inception of Bitcoin as a peer-to-peer payment system, and its underlying blockchain data-structure and protocol, has led to an increased interest in deploying scalable and reliable distributed-ledger systems that build on robust consensus protocols. A critical requirement of such systems is to provide enough fault tolerance in the presence of adversarial attacks or network faults. This is essential to guarantee liveness when the network does not behave as expected and ensure that the underlying nodes agree on a unique order of transactions over a shared state. In comparison with traditional distributed systems, the deployment of a distributed-ledger system should take into account the hidden game theoretical aspects of such protocols, where actors are competing with each other in an environment which is likely to experience various well-motivated malicious and adversarial attacks. Firstly, this paper discusses the fundamental principles of existing consensus protocols in the context of both permissioned and permissionless distributed-ledger systems. The main contribution of this work deals with observations from experimenting with Ripple’s consensus protocol as it is embodied in the XRP Ledger. The main experimental finding suggests that, when a low percentage of malicious nodes is present, the centralization degree of the network can be significantly relaxed ensuring low convergence times. Those findings are of particular importance when engineering a consensus algorithm that would like to balance security with decentralization.

ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS OF ONOMASTIC STANDARDIZATION: BELARUSIAN EXPERIENCE

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-82
Author(s):  
I.L. Kapylou
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
The Creation

The article describes the achievements and determines the prospects for the standardization of Belarusian onyms: it examines the problems associated with the establishment of official written forms of toponyms, the creation of normative onomastic reference books, the functioning of onyms in the situation of the state Belarusian-Russian bilingualism in Belarus, the transliteration of foreign names into the Belarusian language, the preparation of a legal framework and development of a program for proper names romanization.

The Museum Istiqlal The Case of an Indonesian Islamic Museum

SUHUF ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-357
Author(s):  
Jonathan Zilberg
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
The State ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
Significant Potential ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Government

This article describes the conflicted genesis of the Museum Istiqlal, the history of  the creation of the collection, and the state of the institution relative to other Indonesian museums. It emphasizes both  positive developments underway and the historical problems facing the institution. Above all, it focuses on the role the museum was originally intended to serve for the Indonesian Muslim public sphere and the significant potential the museum has to better serve that mission in the national and international sphere. In short, the article emphasizes that in the context of the Government of Indonesia’s current four year plan to revive the museum sector, the problems and opportunities presented at the Museum Istiqlal are symptomatic of endemic national challenges for both the museum and the education sector.

Prologue to peacekeeping: Ireland and the Saar, 1934–5

1997 ◽  
Vol 30 (119) ◽  
pp. 420-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
League Of Nations ◽  
The State ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Free State ◽  
International Labour Organisation ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
The Status ◽  
Assistant Director ◽  
The Creation ◽  
International Peacekeeping

A list from September 1939 of files destroyed by the Department of External Affairs in the invasion scares of 1939–40 contains an intriguing reference to the possibility of dispatching Irish military forces to the Saarland on the Franco-German border in the winter of 1934–5. There they would serve as part of an international peacekeeping force while a plebiscite on the status of the territory was carried out under League of Nations auspices in January 1935. The context of this article is the events surrounding the creation of the peacekeeping force in December 1934.That the Irish Free State should be mentioned as a possible contributor to the international force for the Saar is an illustration of the emerging mediatory role the state was to adopt after its three-year term on the League Council concluded in September 1933. With an Irish diplomat, Sean Lester, seconded to League service as High Commissioner in Danzig from 1934, and with Irish-born Edward Phelan, Assistant Director of the International Labour Organisation, being mentioned as a possible contender for the League post of Deputy Secretary-General in 1933, and with Eamon de Valera rising in importance as an international statesman and League supporter, Ireland’s involvement in the Saar was both an illustration and a result of the state’s prominent position in the League in the early to mid-1930s.

Scribes, Cooks, and Artisans: Breaking Zhou Tradition

Early China ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 241-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance A. Cook
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Control ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Bronze Vessels ◽  
Western Zhou ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Bronze Inscriptions ◽  
Eastern Zhou

Bronze Inscriptions of the Western Zhou period show how ritualists were once dedicated to maintaining the ritual apparatus supporting the divine authority of the royal Zhou lineage. Bronze and bamboo texts of the Eastern Zhou period reveal, on the other hand, that ritualists able to manipulate local rulers reliant on their knowledge subsequently subverted power into their own hands. Ritualists such as scribes, cooks, and artisans were involved in the transmission of Zhou “power” through the creation and use of inscribed bronze vessels during feasts. The expansion and bureaucratization of their roles in the Chu state provided economic and ultimately political control of the state. This was particularly the case as the Chu, like the Zhou before them, fled east to escape western invaders.

A Provincial Elite in Early Modern Tuscany: Family and Power in the Creation of the State.

1998 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Thomas Kuehn ◽  
Giovanna Benadusi
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
The State ◽  
The Creation

Le armi dotte e la Rivoluzione francese: riformismo, elitismo e meritocrazia

2012 ◽  
pp. 41-63
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Cuccoli
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Services ◽  
The State ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
State Corporation ◽  
The Creation ◽  
École Polytechnique ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Revolution

The article focuses on the evolution of the military technical corps in France between the mid-Eighteenth century and the Restoration, and proposes for them the notion of "State corporation". This phase - an intermediate one between the corps de métier and the corps d'État - was attained first by the engineers and the artillery. These corps selected their officers by competitive examination, which functioned both as an intellectual filter and a social one. The distinction generated by this filter - nurtured by an elitist approach based on meritocracy was not overridden by the Revolution. On the contrary, it was further consecrated by the creation of the École polytechnique, which soon became controlled by the military technical corps. The "State corporation" model was then extended through the École polytechnique to the geographical engineers and the civil public services. The institutional conflicts among the technical corps during the National Constituent Assembly and those between them and the École polytechnique (1794-1799) are analyzed along these interpretative lines. While the former show their corporative resistance of geographical engineers in the name of equality, the latter bring out their corporative resistance to external education of candidates.

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