scholarly journals Self-Pruning based Probabilistic Approach to Minimize Redundancy Overhead for Performance Improvement in MANET

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-36
Author(s):  
Gyanendra Kumar Pallai ◽  
Meenakshi Sankaran ◽  
Amiya Kumar Rath
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Node Density ◽  
Broadcast Storm ◽  
Routing Schemes ◽  
Aodv Protocol ◽  
Qos Performance

The Broadcast storm problem causes severe interference, intense collision and channel contention, which greatly degrades the QoS performance metrics of the routing protocols. So, we suggest a neighbourhood coverage knowledge probabilistic broadcasting model (NCKPB) integrating with AODV protocol with knowledge on 2-hop neighbourhood coverage; a connectivity function to control a node’s forwarding probability of retransmission to alleviate significant overhead redundancy. Our objective is to minimize the broadcast RREQ overhead while ensuring fair retransmission bandwidth. We considered two more important measures called Saved Rebroadcast and Reachability. The outcomes of NCKPB, Fixed probability (FP) and Flooding (FL) routing schemes are examined under three major operating conditions, such as node density, mobility and traffic load. The NS-2 results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed NCKPB model by illustrating its performance superiority over all key metrics such as redundancy overhead, end to end latency, throughput, reachability, saved rebroadcast and collision contrast to FP and FL.

AN IMPROVED MAINTENANCE STRATEGY IN AD HOC ON-DEMAND ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (6-11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz Al-Nahari ◽  
Mohd. Murtadha Mohamad ◽  
Raja Zahilah
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Maintenance Strategy ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Control Overhead ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Aodv Protocol ◽  
Demand Routing

In high mobility and high traffic load network situations, the delay time is affected with high end-to-end delay in reactive routing protocols such as AODV. In this paper we proposed an enhanced receiver-based AODV (ERB-AODV) routing protocol by improving the maintenance phase in AODV. ERB-AODV protocol focuses on decreasing the end-to-end delay and the control overhead in high mobility and traffic load. The receiver node uses a controller agent to update the sender node of the current available path. The agent works depend on the history of receiving data packets. Using glomosim, the ERB-ADOV protocol outperforms the AODV protocol in high mobility and traffic load. Results show that, in high mobility, the delay is decreased by 81% and the control overhead is decreased by 77%. The delay is decreased by 91% in high traffic load, and decreases the control overhead by -77% compared with AODV protocol. These results show the improvement of network delay using the new maintenance strategy on on-demand routing protocols for MANETs.

scholarly journals Adaptive Probabilistic Proactive Routing for Dense MANETs

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Abdelfettah Belghith ◽  
Mohamed Amine Abid ◽  
Adel Ben Mnaouer
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Shortest Paths ◽  
Generic Model ◽  
Routing Schemes ◽  
Proactive Routing ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Inherent Nature ◽  
Hoc Networks

Conventional proactive routing protocols, due to their inherent nature based on shortest paths, select longer links which are amenable to rapid breakages as nodes move around. In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive probabilistic approach to handle routing information in dense mobile ad hoc networks in a way to improve the proactive routing pertinence as a function of network dynamics. We first propose a new proactive routing framework based on probabilistic decisions and a generic model to compute the existence probabilities of nodes and links. Then, we present a distributed algorithm to collect the cartography of the network. This cartography is used to instantiate the existence probabilities. Conducted simulations show that our proposal yields substantially better routing validity. Nonetheless, it amounts to much longer routes. We proposed then a bounding technique to adapt and overcome this side effect and defined two probabilistic proactive routing variants. Conducted simulations show that our proposed bounded probabilistic proactive routing schemes outperform conventional routing protocols and yield up to 66 percent increase in throughput.

scholarly journals Multi-Route AODV Protocol in Association with Overhearing Concept for Routes Selection Based on Unified Norm Composed of the Steadiness, Traffic Load and Energy Coefficients for Nodes

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 3177-3187
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Routing Schemes ◽  
Aodv Protocol ◽  
Multiple Paths ◽  
Multiple Routes

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) considered as one of the major important neoteric directions of wireless networks that allows movable devices to communicate with each other’s at any time anywhere. The main distinctive feature of MANET is its operation does not depend on any type of centralized administration. Due to non-truancy of localized management, devices motion and MANET resources scarcity, routing design mechanisms becoming essential problem that faces MANET until yet. Therefore, this article focuses on performance enhancement for one of most notorious interactive routing schemes that is called Ad-hoc On Demand distance Vector (AODV). Where performance refinement for AODV has been achieved via modification of route creation and maintenance processes, conjunction with overhear concept and getting multiple routes for each source - destination pair, in such a way that reduce energy consumption of nodes, avoiding unnecessary control packets, getting a more stable paths among communication nodes and fulfillment of a balanced traffic load among nodes, leading to elongate life time of nodes. Hence, prolonging life time of network. The proposed algorithm is called, Steadiness, balanced Load and Energy efficient for Multiple paths of Overhear AODV (SLE-MOAODV), where route election depending on unified metric called efficiency factor of node (NEF), which composed of parameters of stabilization, traffic load and energy for node. Functioning appraisal and comparison among proposed algorithm (SLE-MOAODV) and original AODV was carried out utilizing network simulator NS2. Outcome of simulation proved that functioning of proposed scheme outdo the original AODV with regard to: ratio of successfully delivered packets, retard time, routing cost and spent energy of nodes.

scholarly journals Simulation based comparison of routing protocols in wireless multihop adhoc networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 3186
Author(s):  
Ali H. Wheeb ◽  
Marwa T. Naser
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
End To End

Routing protocols are responsible for providing reliable communication between the source and destination nodes. The performance of these protocols in the ad hoc network family is influenced by several factors such as mobility model, traffic load, transmission range, and the number of mobile nodes which represents a great issue. Several simulation studies have explored routing protocol with performance parameters, but few relate to various protocols concerning routing and Quality of Service (QoS) metrics. This paper presents a simulation-based comparison of proactive, reactive, and multipath routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Specifically, the performance of AODV, DSDV, and AOMDV protocols are evaluated and analyzed in the presence of varying the number of mobile nodes, pause time, and traffic connection numbers. Moreover, Routing and QoS performance metrics such as normalized routing load, routing packet, packet delivery ratio, packet drop, end-to-end delay, and throughput are measured to conduct a performance comparison between three routing protocols. Simulation results indicate that AODV outperforms the DSDV and AOMDV protocols in most of the metrics. AOMDV is better than DSDV in terms of end-to-end delay. DSDV provides lower throughput performance results. Network topology parameters have a slight impact on AODV Performance.

Mobility Based Performance Analysis DYMO, STAR and DSR Adhoc Routing Protocols

2011 ◽  
Vol 403-408 ◽  
pp. 3446-3453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parma Nand ◽  
S.C. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Carrier Sense Multiple Access ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Demand Routing

The wireless adhoc network is comprised of nodes (it can be static or mobile) with wireless radio interface. Each host is equipped with a CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) transceiver. These nodes are connected among themselves without central infrastructure and are free to move around. It is a multihop process because of the limited transmission range of energy constrained wireless nodes. This creates the scenario of multihop, where the packets originated from the source host are relayed through several intermediate hosts before reaching the destination. Routing is the process of finding a path from a source to destination among randomly distributed routers in dynamic network. In this paper table driven routing protocol STAR and on demand routing protocols DSR, DYMO based on IEEE 802.11 are surveyed and characteristic summary of these routing protocols is presented. Their performance is also analyzed on performance metrics throughput, jitter, data delivery ratio and end-to-end delay by varying nodes mobility with CBR data traffic load using QualNet 5.0.2 network simulator.

scholarly journals STOCHASTIC CARBON EMISSION ESTIMATION METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Yong YI ◽  
Han-Seong GWAK ◽  
Dong-Eun LEE
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Work Tasks ◽  
Emission Estimation ◽  
Construction Operation

Low carbon construction is an important operation management goal because greenhouse gas (GHG) reduc­tion has become a global concern. Major construction resources that contribute GHG, such as equipment and labour, are being targeted to achieve this goal. The GHG emissions produced by the resources vary with their operating conditions. It is commendable to provide a statistical GHG emission estimation method that models the transitory nature of resource states at micro-scale of construction operations. This paper proposes a computational method called Stochastic Carbon Emission Estimation (SCE2) that measures the variability of GHG emissions. It creates construction operation models consisting of atomic work tasks, utilizes hourly equipment fuel consumption and hourly labourer respiratory rates that change according to their operating conditions classified into five categories, and identifies an optimal resource combi­nation by trading off eco-economic performance metrics such as the amount of GHG emissions, operation completion time, operation completion cost, and productivity. The study is of value to researchers because SCE2 fill in a gap to eco-economic operation modelling and analysis tool which considers operating conditions at micro-scale of construction operation having many stochastic work tasks. This study is also relevance to practitioners because it allows project man­agers to achieve eco-economic goals while honouring predefined constraints associated with time and cost.

scholarly journals An improved supervisory protocol for automatic selection of routing protocols in environment-aware vehicular ad hoc networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 155014771881505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishtiaq Wahid ◽  
Ata Ul Aziz Ikram ◽  
Masood Ahmad ◽  
Fasee Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Mobility Model ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hoc Networks

With resource constraint’s distributed architecture and dynamic topology, network issues such as congestion, latency, power awareness, mobility, and other quality of service issues need to be addressed by optimizing the routing protocols. As a result, a number of routing protocols have been proposed. Routing protocols have trade-offs in performance parameters and their performance varies with the underlying mobility model. For designing an improved vehicular ad hoc network, three components of the network are to be focused: routing protocols, mobility models, and performance metrics. This article describes the relationship of these components, trade-offs in performance, and proposes a supervisory protocol, which monitors the scenario and detects the realistic mobility model through analysis of the microscopic features of the mobility model. An analytical model is used to determine the best protocol for a particular mobility model. The supervisory protocol then selects the best routing protocol for the mobility model of the current operational environment. For this, EstiNet 8.1 Simulator is used to validate the proposed scheme and compare its performance with existing schemes. Simulation results of the proposed scheme show the consistency in the performance of network throughout its operation.

scholarly journals Distribution of Data Dissemination Model using DTN Routing Protocols

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 3014-3019
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Data Dissemination ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Dtn Routing ◽  
The Impact

In this research paper compare the protocol’s performance together with the experimental results of optimal routing using real-life scenarios of vehicles and pedestrians roaming in a city. In this research paper, conduct several simulation comparison experiments(in the NS2 Software) to show the impact of changing buffer capacity, packet lifetime, packet generation rate, and number of nodes on the performance metrics. This research paper is concluded by providing guidelines to develop an efficient DTN routing protocol. To the best of researcher(Parameswari et al.,) knowledge, this work is the first to provide a detailed performance comparison among the diverse collection of DTN routing protocols.

Combined Trajectory Planning and Tracking for Autonomous Vehicles on Deformable Terrains

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Dallas ◽  
Yifan Weng ◽  
Tulga Ersal
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Trajectory Planning ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Vehicle Response ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In this work, a novel combined trajectory planner and tracking controller is developed for autonomous vehicles operating on off-road deformable terrains. Common approaches to trajectory planning and tracking often rely on model-dependent schemes, which utilize a simplified model to predict the impact of control inputs to future vehicle response. However, in an off-road context and especially on deformable terrains, accurately modeling the vehicle response for predictive purposes can be challenging due to the complexity of the tire-terrain interaction and limitations of state-of-the-art terramechanics models in terms of operating conditions, computation time, and continuous differentiability. To address this challenge and improve vehicle safety and performance through more accurate prediction of the plant response, in this paper, a nonlinear model predictive control framework is presented that accounts for terrain deformability explicitly using a neural network terramechanics model for deformable terrains. The utility of the proposed scheme is demonstrated on high fidelity simulations for a notional lightweight military vehicle on soft soil. It is shown that the neural network based controller can outperform a baseline Pacejka model based scheme by improving on performance metrics associated with the cost function. In more severe maneuvers, the neural network based controller can achieve sufficient fidelity as compared to the plant to complete maneuvers that lead to failure for the Pacejka based controller. Finally, it is demonstrated that the proposed framework is conducive to real-time implementability.

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