scholarly journals The regulation of diffuse pollution in the European Union: science, governance and water resource management

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Hendry ◽  
Alison Reeves
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Integrated Water Resources Management ◽  
Diffuse Pollution ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Environmental Objectives

Reducing diffuse pollution is a perpetuating problem for environmental regulators. This paper will consider novel ways to regulate its impacts on the aquatic environment, with particular reference to rural landuse. It will look at the relationship between science, policy and law, and the contributions of integrated water resources management and governance at regional, national and river basin scales. Regulatory frameworks for water in the European Union will be explored, along with their implementation nationally in Scotland and at catchment scale in the Tweed river basin. It will conclude that regulation has a role to play, but that it is necessary to take a visionary holistic and integrated approach, nesting regulation within a governance framework that involves all stakeholders and takes full account of developing science and socio-economic drivers to meet environmental objectives.

Setting the threshold: An analysis of different approaches for the definition of exemptions to water quality objectives in the European Union

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Bolinches ◽  
Lucia De Stefano ◽  
Javier Paredes-Arquiola ◽  
Carlotta Valerio ◽  
Alberto Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
European Union ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Framework Directive ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Member States ◽  
Environmental Objectives

<p>Continental water ecosystems and human water uses may be jeopardized by degradation of water quality.  To prevent this degradation, the maximum concentration of pollutants for freshwater bodies may need to be set in the legislation. In some cases, the actions needed to achieve those environmental objectives may be technically challenging or financially overburdening. In the case of the European Union (EU), the Water Framework Directive (WFD, Article 4) requires the achievement of the good status of water bodies but allows for the declaration of exemptions due to lack of technical feasibility or disproportionate costs. Twenty years after the WFD approval, the conditions to declare exemptions remain unclear and in practice their declaration  is highly discretional.</p><p>The extant scientific literature suggests several methods to formulate the justification of exemptions. Although the methodologies are diverse, they all require to select a threshold (e.g. in terms of cost disproportionality) above which a relaxation of the environmental objectives may be accepted. This threshold should be uniform across the EU River Basin Districts in order to guarantee a fair distribution of efforts across Member States. To date, however, there are very few studies that compare the application of exemptions in different regions to assess the uniformity of approaches to the declaration of exceptions.</p><p>When defining actions to achieve the good status of water bodies, the quantification of the different pressures, their interactions and the effects on receiving water bodies can be challenging. In the case of physico-chemical pollutants, however, it can be easier to define policy actions as pressures can be quantified (point loads of wastewater treatment plants, diffuse loads emanated by different land uses) and the evolution in receiving waters can be modelled.</p><p>In our research, we analyzed over one thousand water bodies in the River Basin Districts of five different Member States of the European Union (Estonia, a transboundary Ireland-United Kingdom basin, Italy, Spain and Portugal), using the available databases on Digital Elevation Models (Copernicus EU-DEM), land use (CORINE land cover), urban pressures (European Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive dissemination platform and reported data), runoff and gauged flows (Water Information System for Europe, national gauging networks) and WFD exemption databases. Each water body was characterized according to the level of nitrogen and phosphorus pressures deriving from point and diffuse loads, and the declaration of exemptions to the environmental objectives for those nutrients. The exemption threshold is assessed for each River Basin District, allowing for a critical review of the different water policies in this significant aspect of the Water Framework Directive implementation.</p>

scholarly journals Legal procuring of international information/cyber security of the digital economy: economic and legal aspects

E-Management ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
L. O. Gontar’
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Impact

The article considers a problem of the definition of the digital economy, as well as presents a new theme on the legal procuring of international cyber security. The above mentioned new direction serves as an indicator of possible interdisciplinary research in the field of law and economics in the sphere of digital processes. As a justification the acts of the European Union have been adduced and their characteristic features, which consist in consideration of a substantial part of digital economy (economic party) have been allocated. This integration association has a unique structure and history, but the process of regulating the digital economy in the European Union began not so long ago. The European Union is one of the few integration associations that has started to work on improving the mechanisms of legal regulation of the digital market. This circumstance certainly affects the development of an integrated approach to the understanding of the digital economy, as well as further actualizes the issue of considering the legal procuring of international cyber security of this phenomenon. Legal procuring of security is a new direction in the international legal field, which will allow to consider the legal aspects in demand in the digital economy. The challenges in relation to international cyber security and the impact of the conceptual apparatus on the issues of the legal procuring of the security of the digital economy have been considered. It is important to note that the article suggests possible solutions to the problem posed. At the end of the article three proposals for improving approaches to the security of the digital economy have been elaborated. In terms of their qualitative characteristics, the proposals, undoubtedly, relate to legal and technical aspects, but also solutions regarding the conceptual component of the legal procuring of the security have been presented.

Foreigners: Wanted Dead or Alive?

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-441
Author(s):  
Céline Bauloz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
European Court ◽  
The One ◽  
Seriously Ill

While non-refoulement is an absolute principle of international human rights law, its application to seriously ill individuals exposed to premature death and physical and mental suffering because of the substandard medical system in their country of origin seems to have followed a double standard in Europe. On the one hand, medical cases are increasingly treated at the margin of the non-refoulement principle by the European Court of Human Rights, being only covered in highly exceptional cases. On the other hand, seriously ill individuals have been excluded from the scope of subsidiary protection in the European Union as confirmed by the Court of Justice of the European Union. Against such restrictive interpretations, the present article calls for an integrated approach where all non-refoulement claims, including those on medical grounds, are to be assessed along the same criteria so as to ensure seriously ill individuals a genuine right to live in dignity.

“REGIONAL HYDROCHEMISTRY OF UKRAINE” (2019) – A MODERN TEXTBOOK ON THE STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SURFACE, GROUNDWATER AND SEA WATERS IN THE COUNTRY

2019 ◽  
pp. 164-173
Author(s):  
M.R. Zabokrytska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Framework Directive ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Composition Of Water ◽  
Modern Textbook

The article reviewed and analyzed the textbook “Regional Hydrochemistry of Ukraine” (authors V.K. Khilchevskyi, V.I. Osadchyi, S.M. Kurylo), published in 2019. The textbook comprehensively summarizes and covers materials on the hydrochemistry of precipitation, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and ponds, underground and sea waters in Ukraine. The authors used the latest results of studies of the chemical composition of water of various water bodies in the country, applied the hydrochemical characteristics of the river basin districts according to the modern hydrographic zoning of Ukraine (2016), which takes into account the requirements of the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/60/EC). A feature of the textbook is that the authors were largely based on the materials of their own studies of the chemical composition of surface waters. They also systematized and generalized the monographic works of leading Ukrainian scientists, in different years (from the 1950s to the present day) they studied fundamental and applied issues of hydrochemistry of surface, underground and sea waters. The structure of the textbook consists of a preface, 11 sections, applications and a list of references. The textbook is intended for students of the specialty “Earth Sciences”, studying in educational programs of hydrological, hydroecological and hydrogeological profile. It may be useful for students of the specialty “Geography”, students in educational programs of a physical-geographical and geo-ecological profile.

scholarly journals A balanced approach: Brexit from political and business perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 804-816
Author(s):  
Răzvan Hoinaru ◽  
Mihnea Năstase
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Value At Risk ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

Abstract There is a considerable amount of publications written on rolling back the EU supra state, national sovereignty regain, and strategic (mis)conceptions for analysing Brexit scenarios for both the UK and the EU. Many articles present a unilateral point of view with a tendency to be normative. The presentation of only one-sided political, historical, and business perspectives can be very dangerous, limiting understanding and constructive approaches. This also happens with macro-economic analyses that are used fit for purpose. David Cameron’s political calculation to call for a referendum regarding the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union has had complex ramifications. With causes that have led to the British citizens’ decision that range from multiple crises in the European Union, member states’ inability for burden and risk sharing, to the lack of trust portrayed by European institutions and a confusing internal rhetoric. With a City of London remaining undecided and continuously evaluating the value at risk of Brexit, and in the absence of a new European financial center, it is important to make sense of the arguments of both in and out supporters. Thus, this article attempts to present a more integrated approach, spanning across politics, trade, private businesses and social attitudes. This paper looks beyond international relations between nations and takes into consideration the international relations between corporations and their business strategies.

scholarly journals Extradition under the Legislation of the Russian Federation and Member States of the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (65) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Elena A. Kupryashina ◽  
Snezhana S. Khalimonenko ◽  
Aleksander A. Nasonov ◽  
Ekaterina A. Novikova ◽  
Sergey F. Shumilin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
European Convention ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Russian Federation

The document analyzes the legislation of the Russian Federation and the member states of the European Union on extradition from the point of view of its compliance with the current European Convention on Extradition. It also makes proposals to improve the rules of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation that regulates the extradition procedure. Methodologically, the work uses scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the historical, comparative method, all in an integrated approach. Among the conclusions, the fact that for the previous legal provisions to work, its consolidation only in the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation is insufficient. The first step to put them into practice could be to discuss the issue of making the necessary amendments to the Convention on Legal Assistance and Legal Relations in Civil Matters, as well as in the Family and Criminal Affairs regulations of January 22, 1993, of which the countries of the European Convention on Extradition are parties.

scholarly journals THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melita Carević
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
European Union ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Public Investments ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Legislative Proposals

This paper aims to explore how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the implementation of the European Green Deal and to which extent have the European Union’s green growth and sustainable development goals been incorporated into its COVID-19 Recovery Strategy. The European Union’s Green Deal, a ‘generation defining’ growth strategy, which lays down the strategic pathway of the European Union’s economic development for the upcoming two decades, has been faced with a major challenge shortly after its adoption in December 2019. However, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, which has continuously been putting all European Union member states to a harsh challenge during the past year, climate change and the green transition have been at the top of the political agenda in the European Union and have managed to occupy the attention of the mainstream politics and European Union citizens. Furthermore, the unprecedented levels of public financing which have been mobilised due to the pandemic have provided an opportunity for speeding up the green transition, without which the achievement of the Green Deal’s main aims and the fulfilment of the European Union’s obligations under the Paris Agreement would likely be put in question. In order to analyse how the has the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the implementation of the Green Deal, the paper first examines how the member states and the European Union institutions initially reacted to the idea of pursuing the implementation of the Green Deal simultaneously with economic recovery. This is accomplished through an analysis of statements given by the European Union and member state officials and the adopted measures and legislative proposals. The paper then focuses on publicly available data on legislative delays in regard to the implementation of the Green Deal which took place due to the pandemic and concludes that no significant postponements occurred. It subsequently turns to examine which measures have been adopted at the European Union level that link the economic recovery and the green transition. In this regard, special attention is paid to the Recovery and Resilience Facility and its measures aimed at ensuring that member states pursue climate change and environmental objectives in their recovery plans. Given the size of the public investments which will take place in the following years, the paper emphasises the importance of stringent environmental standards in order to ensure that they contribute to the green transition and avoid a fossil fuel lock-in.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF FORMATION OF GROUNDWATER MASSES OF THE SIVERSKYI DONETS RIVER BASIN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mykola Zhykalyak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
Don River ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Geographical Maps

The introduction in Ukraine in 2016 of basin integrated principles in the zoning and management of water resources of the state in ccordance with the Directives of the European Union was an extremely relevant and progressive measure. However, when adopting the relevant normative acts and regulations, the iverskodonetsk river basin was unreasonably lowered to the sub-basin of the Don River. Geomorphological and hydrological analysis of geographical maps at a scale of 1:200000-1:500000 of the south-eastern regions of Ukraine and border regions of the Russian Federation allowed to substantiate the basin status of the Siverskyi Donets River, to allocate 17 sub-basins and and their man-made changes, as well as to offer a water monitoring system.

Conservation restocking of the imperilled European eel does not necessarily equal conservation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehis Rohtla ◽  
Maidu Silm ◽  
Jouni Tulonen ◽  
Päärn Paiste ◽  
Håkan Wickström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Silver Eel ◽  
Management Units ◽  
Conservation Measure ◽  
River Basin District

To stop the decline of the European eel population, one of the measures taken is translocating eels for restocking, despite its conservational value being largely unknown. We aimed to contribute to this knowledge gap by (i) investigating the origin of eels caught in coastal waters of Estonia and Finland using otolith microchemistry and (ii) directly estimating restocked eel escapement from Narva River Basin District (NRBD), which is part of the primary Eel Management Unit in Estonia. In Estonia, 74% of the sampled eels (n = 140) were natural recruits and 26% were restocked. In Finland, 27% of the sampled eels (n = 235) were natural recruits and 73% were restocked. Only 1% of all the coastally collected eels were originally restocked to NRBD. These new data together with the reported commercial landings from the escapement route conflict with the current silver eel escapement estimation for NRBD and question the accuracy and value of such indirect calculations compiled for most Eel Management Units throughout the European Union. It is concluded that restocking eels to freshwaters may be futile as a conservation measure in some situations, and better escapement is likely achieved in restocking eels to coastal waters or undammed freshwater systems with a direct connection to the sea.

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