scholarly journals Optimisation of edible oil effluent degredation by microorganisms

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Swastika Surujlal
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Physical Refining ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Very High

Water is a precious and very valuable resource. Water resource shortages are problems that are plaguing the world. There is therefore a high demand for tightening water quality standards for both potable water and waters in the environment. It is becoming a necessity to treat and reuse wastewaters, especially wastewaters from industries, as these waters are of concern due to their toxic effects on the environment. In South Africa one of the industries of major concern is that of the edible oil industry and there are over a dozen ofthese industries in South Africa alone. Each of these industries utilises approximately 1.75 million m3 of water and discharges approximately 0.61 million m3 to the sewer each year. This wastewater that is being released has very high organic, inorganic and fats, oils and greases loads. Depending on the type of refinery process conducted on the crude oil, the effluent quality and quantity varies on a day to day basis. The two types of refinery procedures are the physical refining, where water is used or chemical refining where caustic soda is used. The organic load ofthe untreated effluent can range from 1 100 to 8 990 mg COD/L, the oils and greases can range from 80 to 1 360 mg/L and the pH can range from 1.8 to 10.5.

scholarly journals BEST PRACTICE APPROACH FOR WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN THE EDIBLE OIL INDUSTRY

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 128-132
Author(s):  
K. Stepova ◽  
O. Derun
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Physical Refining ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Practice Approach ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The capacity growth of the edible oil enterprises at the present stage of development leads to the formation of huge amounts of used water, which form the production wastewater. The main pollutants are organic substances, mainly fat. The existing treatment plants are not able to remove them from the water up to the level of sanitary requirements. These pollutants cause the processes of decay, water blooming, infection with pathogenic bacteria and, as a result, adversely affect the fauna and flora. For many enterprises in the industry, proper wastewater treatment is a significant problem. In industry, in order to reduce the amount of water used, and improve the quality and/or quantity of the effluent, it is strongly recommended that a ‘best practice’ approach is adopted, where avoidance of water usage is the most desirable, and disposal of wastewater the least desirable practice. Aim of the study. To propose measures for reducing the impact of edible oil industry on the state of surface wa-ter basing on the Best practice approach. 132 Вісник ЛДУБЖД, №19, 2019  As a result of the studies, the increase of the pollutants content in river water after the wastewater discharge of the edible oil production was revealed. In particular, the content of nitrite, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen, hydrocar-bons, chlorides and sulfates, fats and oils increased; the total iron content increased 10 times. The phosphates, petrole-um products and surfactants were defined.Suggested measures for optimising water efficiency in the edible oil industry include: physical refining, continuous deodorization, cleaning in place, recovery of heat condensates, equipment upgrade, dry clean-up techniques, cooling towers, blowdown wastewater recycling, installation of water meters, education of staff, re-use water, re-use treated effluent.

Experimental Investigations into the Use of Emergent Plants to Treat Sewage in South Africa

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. V. Alexander ◽  
A. Wood
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Artificial Wetlands ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Emergent Plants ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
High Standards ◽  
Oxidation Ponds

South Africa is a relatively water-short country which has many rural communities with water-borne sewage infrastructures requiring low technology treatment facilities. In order to protect the water resources of the country the authorities have set high standards for effluent quality (COD < 75 mg/l, NH3 < 10 mg/l, E. coli < 1000 and in some areas P < 1 mg/l). Traditionally, oxidation ponds have been used in these applications but have not been able to consistently meet the required standards and recently interest has been shown in artificial wetlands as a low technology means of solving the problem. As a result several experimental projects are at present being initiated in South Africa, both as primary and secondary treatment for domestic sewage and also as a tertiary treatment to remove nitrogen, phosphorus and E. coli from conventional sewage plant effluents. The designs of these experimental projects are described in the paper and it is hoped that data will be available for presentation at the seminar.

A Critical Look into the Deviation of Full Scale Performance from Design Expectations

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 1389-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Zaloum
Keyword(s):  
Expert Systems ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Uniform Load ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Steady Level

Deviations from design expectations appear to stem from views which assume that a unique response should result from a given set of operating conditions. The results of this study showed that two systems operating at equal organic loads or F/M ratios and at the same SRT do not necessarily give equal responses. This deviation was linked to the manner in which the HRT and influent COD are manipulated to obtain a constant or uniform load, and to subtle interactions between influent COD, HRT and SRT on the biomass and effluent responses. Increases of up to 200% in influent COD from one steady level to the next did not significantly influence the effluent VSS concentration while an effect on filtered COD was observed for increases as low as 20%. Effluent TKN and filtered COD correlated strongly with the operating MLVSS while phosphorus residual depended on the operating SRT and the organic load removed. These results point to the inadequacy of traditional models to predict effluent quality and point to the need to consider these effects when developing simulation techniques or computer assisted expert systems for the control of waste treatment plants.

Physical properties of systems of interest to the edible oil industry: Viscosities and densities of model systems formed by (triacylglycerol + fatty acid + solvent)

2017 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 198-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila M. Florido ◽  
Deborah P.S. Lobo ◽  
Camila N. Pinto ◽  
Christianne E.C. Rodrigues ◽  
Cintia B. Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Model Systems

Utilization of Vinasse Effluents from an Anaerobic Reactor

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
F J. C. B. Costa ◽  
B B. M. Rocha ◽  
C. E. Viana ◽  
A. C. Toledo
Keyword(s):  
Post Treatment ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Secondary Treatment ◽  
Fish Food ◽  
Anaerobic Reactor ◽  
Streams And Rivers ◽  
Alcohol Industry ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Very High

An anaerobic reactor was developed to biodigest alcohol distillery wastes. A further post-treatment of the effluent reduced the level of pollution to the point of eventually discharging into streams and rivers. The present work also analyses the use of biodigested vinasse as a source of food for fish. Very high efficiencies were obtained during primary and secondary treatment of vinasse effluent, as demonstrated by the greatly reduced organic load. The utilization of the treated effluent as a source of fish food presents an excellent alternative for the Brazilian alcohol industry.

A design methodology for the supply of subterranean water through the use of wind energy

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Brett Richard Marais
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
White Paper ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government

The Reconstruction and Development Programme adopted by the Government of National Unity is more than a list of the services required to improve the quality of life of the majority of South Africans. It is not just a call for South Africans to unite to build a country free of poverty and misery; it is a programme designed to achieve this objective in an integrated and principled manner. Based on the strategic objectives, as highlighted in the White Paper on Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, with regard to alleviating the chronic potable water shortages in South Africa, this thesis investigates a design methodology to supply potable water through the use of wind energy. The design focuses on small rural off-grid developments where grid electricity either has not or will not reach, and where renewable energy is the only viable option. This thesis provides an overview of wind energy and presents the fundamentals of wind power calculations. It also formulates an overview of the historic and present situation with regards to potable water supply, and reflects on the need for urgent intervention. The feasibility of using wind energy to supply potable water to rural communities in South Africa is explored in a case study. The various problem areas are identified and examined and a wide range of possible solutions are recommended. A final flow chart for the system design is proposed, thus ensuring comprehensive design methodology from which future design of similar systems can be based.

Influence of Codisposal of Municipal Solid Waste and Olive Vegetation Water on the Anaerobic Digestion of a Sanitary Landfill

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cossu ◽  
N. Blakey ◽  
P. Cannas
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Sanitary Landfill ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Vegetation Water ◽  
Waste Degradation ◽  
Very High

A research study was carried out aiming to investigate the possibility of treatment of vegetation water in a anaerobic digester like a sanitary landfill. This vegetation water originates from olive oil production. The results, obtained from lysimeters filled with Municipal Solid Waste, show very high gasification and reduction of the organic load of vegetation water, with no inhibitory effect on waste degradation processes providing the vegetation water is added to an active methanogenic system or buffering the landfill system during the acid phase. The inhibitory influence of compounds, like polyphenols, which can be present in vegetation water in large amounts, has been studied.

scholarly journals A Note on the Edible Oil Milling Sector Output, Value Added and Employment

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-463
Author(s):  
Sohail J. Malik
Keyword(s):  
Urban Population ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Edible Oil

The importance of the edible oil industry cannot be over-emphasised, Most of the urban population and an increasing proportion of the rural popula¬tion depend upon it for their cooking needs. As indigenous supplies are highly inadequate, large quantities of edible oils have to be imported to meet domestic requirements, as shown in Table 1.

scholarly journals A comparative study of trenchless technologies versus traditional open trenching for the replacement of ageing potable water pipelines

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Shanley Hay
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Survey Questionnaire ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Public ◽  
Pipe Bursting ◽  
Water Pipelines ◽  
Pipeline Networks ◽  
Close Fit

The urgent need to rehabilitate or replace ageing deteriorated buried potable water pipeline networks is one of the many critical service utility provision challenges faced within the municipalities in South Africa. The majority of these unreliable deteriorated pipeline networks consist of un-dipped (not coated with bitumen) AC piping which have long passed their planned economic and technical lifespan. Traditionally, the open trenching method has been utilised for the replacement of aged and deteriorated piping. However, this traditional open trenching method has shown to be expensive and difficult to implement, particularly in congested high traffic use urban areas. The need to rehabilitate or replace the ageing deteriorated buried potable water pipelines in South Africa, taking into account the above mentioned expensive factors has a solution. This solution is termed ‘trenchless technology’ and sometimes also termed ‘no dig’. Recent advancements in trenchless technologies now include innovative methods such as pipe bursting, close-fit lining and sliplining. Close-fit compact pipe manufactured by Wavin Overseas B.V. was newly introduced in South Africa in 2010 for the rehabilitation of deteriorated pipelines. These trenchless methods require further research into their technical application merits, drawbacks and costs in relation to the traditional open trenching method in order to determine which method is more expensive and also least suitable. Traditionally, the ‘total cost’ associated with pipe rehabilitation or replacement projects consisted only of the direct costs. The indirect and socio-economic inconvenience costs were often ignored and resulted in costly expenses to the municipalities. However, this research will show that these indirect and socio-economic inconvenience costs must form part of the total cost of a project as it assists with the successful completion of the project without expensive unforeseen costs to the municipalities. In addition, this research will provide insight as to which indirect and socio-economic inconveniences are dominantly experienced by the public. To achieve this, a quantitative socio-economic survey questionnaire was developed. This questionnaire was aimed at residents and business owners who were affected during a project of this nature. This research study will serve as a support tool to municipalities of South Africa when selecting a pipe rehabilitation or replacement method. This support tool will provide key technical merits and drawbacks of the traditional open trenching method, pipe bursting method, close-fit compact pipe method and sliplining method. In addition, this research study will compare the ‘total cost’ of the traditional open trenching method against the trenchless pipe bursting method. The decision making process lies in the hands of the municipal technical managers. Therefore, their knowledge and experience of up to date information on trenchless methods (as well as the traditional open trenching method) is vitally important. This research provides insight as to the knowledge and experience of technical municipal staff on trenchless methods, its application and use in South Africa. A quantitative survey questionnaire was developed by the researcher. This questionnaire was aimed at technical staff in the water departments of district and local municipalities of South Africa. The results of the above questionnaire surveys formed part of the eThekwini Water and Sanitation (EWS) Feasibility study funded by the Dutch Government. When comparing the costs of the trenchless pipe bursting method against the traditional open trenching method, the results revealed that trenchless methods are undoubtedly cheaper and far less disruptive to the public. The results of the socio-economic survey revealed that trenchless methods were preferred by the public since it was less disturbing and the hindrances experienced were also far less than the traditional open trenching method. The results of the technical municipal survey questionnaire revealed that at least 50% of municipal technical staff of South Africa are not adequately informed about trenchless methods, its application and technical merits and drawbacks respectively. This survey questionnaire revealed that South Africa may be advancing over the years on the use of trenchless methods, however, more educating in the form of training, seminars and other methods of marketing must be undertaken starting at a municipal level.

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