EFFICIENCY OF THE HEATING SYSTEM OF THE DRIVER'S WORKPLACE AND THE VESSEL OF THE WINDSHIELD OF BUSES

Introduction. One of the dominant areas of improvement of motor vehicles is to improve traffic safety. An im-portant aspect of bus safety is visibility from the driver's workplace, which largely depends on the condition of the wind-shield, especially the absence of fogging and frost, which often occurs at low ambient temperatures.Methodically, this problem is eliminated by blowing the windshield with warm air. Structurally, this is done by devices that, in addition to blowing the windshield, also supply warm air to the driver's workplace. Fogging and icing of the windshield significantly impair the visibility of the road driver, which is a great danger in the movement of the bus. Elimination of icing and fogging of windows provides an increase of visibility and guarantee of safety of driving.An important place is also occupied by the problem of reducing heating systems and blowing operating energy costs, improving the fuel economy of buses.Results. The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of the windshield blowing devices of the bus depending on their design features. As criteria in researches productivity of system blowing, its power consumption and level of noise loading of the driver are accepted.To select a fan with optimal characteristics when used in the device for blowing the windshield of buses and heating the driver's workplace, axial fans were tested. They are using in heating and ventilation systems of buses of different models. It is experimentally established that the fan of the Elko-A200-22 model (Italy) has the best characteris-tics. In the whole range of speed changes, the performance of this fan is much higher compared to other models of the tested fans, which, at the same time, have much higher specific energy consumption. In addition, the fan of this model is characterized by a lower noise level compared to fans of other models with the same outer diameters.Conclusions. Analysis of experimental data shows that the performance of the front heater with two fans and one fan is almost the same. At identical speed modes of operation, the productivity of two fans running in parallel is higher by only 3 ... 16.75%. When measuring the speed of air movement when blowing the windshield, it was found that the speed of blowing does not depend on the number of fans and depends on their performance and the diameter of the air supply hoses to the blowing nozzles.The reason for the lower efficiency of heaters with two fans is that at the outlet after the radiator, in the limited volume of the heater housing, two fans create a much greater aerodynamic drag (back pressure) than one fan.The use of one fan instead of two in the design of bus heaters reduces the electricity consumption of the bus and improves the working conditions of the driver by reducing the noise level at his workplace.

PROFESSOR VOLODYMYR KUCHERYAVYI SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF URBOECOLOGY, PHYTOMELIORATION AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Introduction. The theoretical foundations of the new ecological disciplines "Urban Ecology" and "Phytomeliora-tion" were laid in the mid-80's and 90's of the last century at the Department of Ecology and Landscape Architecture of the Ukrainian National Forestry University, which at that time was headed by Lviv scientist Volodymyr Kucheryavyi famous by his monographs “Green Zone of the City” (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1981) and “Natural Environment of the City” (Lviv: Higher School, 1984).Purpose and methods. The methodological basis of urban ecological research is the ecological-comparative method, which involves gradation ordination with the allocation of four ecological and phytocenotic zones on the territory of cities into the study of the urban ecosystem (suburban forests - city parks – public gardens - street plantings) (V. Kucheryavyi, P. Hnativ, M. Kurnytska, N. Siroochenko, N. Stepanyak, K. Myronchuk, T. Pushkaryova, Yu. Kozak) This approach is used in dissertation research not only by graduate students and applicants of the Department of Ecology and Landscape Architecture of UNFU, but also young scientists of Kyiv, Lutsk and Chernivtsi.Results and discussion. Taking into account the growth of the "recreational boom" among urban residents in the 80's and 90's, scientific researches of park and forest park phytocenoses are developed (V. Kucheryavyi, A. Zhyrnov, Yu. Khrystuk, R. Danylyk, V. Kramarets, N. Lukyanchuk, O. Kaspruk, R. Dudyn, N. Imshanetska, N. Kovalchuk, S. Marutyak, O. Oleynyuk). During this period, visual methods of diagnosing of urban ecosystems state are widely used, which confirm the feasibility of using of ecowedge ordination. The influence of complex urbogenic gradients of the environment on the adaptation processes of living organisms and their significance for the evaluation of the results of woody plants introduction into the urbogenic environment was determined (V. Kucheryavyi, M. Kurnytska, O. Kaspruk, O. Gorbenko, M. Les, V.S. Kucheryavyi, T. Shuplat, N. Gotsiy). Electro-physiological methods of impedance and polar-ization capacity measuring, fluorescence of plastid pigments, temperature gradients of the environment are used for establishing the level of plant viability (V. Kucheryavyi, H. Krynytskyi, V. Mokryi, A. Kuzyk, M. Hozdog, S. Hridzhuk, Yu. Pankivskyi, V. Kucheryavyi, T. Shuplat). Investigations of the phytogenic field of vegetation begin, its role in the formation of the continuum in conditions of urbogenic and manmade devastation is determined (V. Kucheryavyi, V. Popovych, T. Levus, T. Shuplat). The formation of a scientific school on urban ecology and phytomelioration is ensured by the three generations of scientists succession. A significant number of scientists have passed the scientific path from post-graduate student in the 80's - 90's to the candidate or doctor of sciences (P. Hnativ, V. Mokryi, V. Mazepa, S. Myklush, M. Nazaruk, Ya. Henyk, V. Popovych).Conclusions. The authoritative leader of the scientific school on urban ecology, phytomelioration and landscape architecture is Professor Volodymyr Kucheryavyi, who has supervised four doctors and 22 candidates of science. During the years of his scientific activity he published about 300 scientific articles, more than 30 monographs and textbooks. Heading the scientific and methodological commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine on environmental education in the 80's and 90's, he started training specialists in "applied ecology" in Ukraine. Thanks to the initia-tive of prof. V. Kucheryavyi scientists of the Scientific School of Urban Ecology, Phytomelioration and Landscape Architecture took an active part in many international projects (V. Kucheryavyi, Ya. Henyk, L. Kalahurka, M. Chernyavskyi, O. Oleynyuk, L. Parkhuts, Z. Sheremeta, S. Melnychuk, V. Popovych, T. Shuplat, M. Fitak, V.S. Kucheryavyi). The scientists worked closely with research teams from Germany, Austria, Belgium, Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Norway. Scientific research on urban ecology, phytomelioration and landscape architecture, which began in the 1980s, continues thanks to the succession of scientific generations.

ENHANCING THE EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF INTERSECTIONS WITH INTENSIVE TRAFFIC AND PEDESTRIAN FLOWS

Introduction. Problematic sections of the road network are intersections with high traffic intensity of conflicting pedestrian and traffic flow, in particular, right and left turns. At such crossings, there are significant traffic delays. In the case of vehicles turning left or right at an intersection when passing at a traffic light signal that allows traffic, should give way to pedestrians crossing the roadway on the crosswalk. In the case of high intensity of pedestrian traffic, it is impossible to complete the turn of such vehicles, they remain at the intersection, so there are significant traffic delays for returning vehicles.Purpose. Therefore, the work aims to study the interaction of traffic and pedestrian flows with high intensity at regulated intersections to improve their capacity.Methods. To study the parameters of traffic flows, in particular, the length of congestion, we used traffic flow models, which include a psychophysiological model of following a vehicle moving in front, and a model based on traffic rules. To model, pedestrian flows the Wiedemann model was used. The leastsquares method was used to obtain empirical nonlinear dependences of congestion length on the intensities of conflicting pedestrian and traffic flows.Results. The paper uses known methods for solving applied problems in the field of traffic for some unique cases, namely the intersection of intensive -traffic and pedestrian flows. Studies of road and pedestrian traffic parameters at crossings have shown that the length of congestion significantly depends on the intensity of traffic flow, but with increas-ing intensity of pedestrian traffic more than 1000 people/h, the length of congestion changes insignificantly. If there are trams at the intersection, the length of congestion increases by an average of 1.14% and depends significantly on the intensity of traffic and pedestrian flows.It is proposed to introduce three-phase traffic light regulation on such sections when one of the phases allows traffic only for pedestrians. The simulation results showed that the length of congestion in the absence of rail vehicles on the approaches to the intersection decreases by an average of 45.3% and is weakly dependent on the intensity of pedestrian flows. If there are rail vehicles at the crossing, the length of congestion can reduce by an average of 13.7%. But in some cases may increase.Conclusion. The research methodology presented in this paper can be used for intersections with another traffic organization scheme to justify the feasibility of introducing threephase traffic light control when one of the phases allows traffic only to pedestrians.

AUTOMATED MODELING AND FORECASTING SYSTEM OF ENTERPRISE ACTIVITIES

Introduction. Mathematical methods and models are an effective tool for studying complex economic systems at different levels of enterprise management. Economic mathematical modelling is actively developing not only as a scien-tific field but also as a means of substantiating management decisions in business, in the analysis and forecasting of socio-economic processes and phenomena. In the arsenal of economic and mathematical modelling now are using- modern computing methods and computer technology. Libraries of economic and mathematical models are an integral part of the architecture of decision support systems in specific areas of the economy. The rapid development of computer technology stimulates the emergence and formation of new theoretical volumes and applied areas of modelling.Purpose. Like any large and complex field of knowledge, mathematical modelling is evolving in different direc-tions, acquiring new flexible research methods. Therefore, based on new hardware, technology and software platforms it is necessary to create new information systems using economic and mathematical models in particular for forecasting of enterprise activities.Results. The article analyses the methods of modelling and forecasting the enterprise, considers the principles of software design. Using systems analysis, the design problem was analytically divided into parts. Also were investigated the connections and relationships between these parts, in particular, were implemented the problem tree and the goal tree. Implemented business process modelling performs based on created structural-logical diagrams, namely the IDEF0 dia-gram, which helps to visually display data and information that affect software development, a server part, input data and users. Using the results of research, the authors developed an automated information system for modelling and forecasting the activities of the enterprise, which uses models of Holt, Brown, exponential smoothing and Box-Jenkins for modelling. Part of the developed system is a designed software product that implements the objectives of the research. The obtained program results allow creating a clear forecast of the future activities of the enterprise.Conclusions. Based on the built graphs of modelling and forecasting of the Cisco Systems company financial activity with using of the developed automated system, we established that the Brown model is the best for providing educational sampling and a forecast of activity. The development of the automated system in the future involves the expansion of functionality, improvement and increasing of quality, as well as the creation of powerful analytics for more detailed forecasting.

STUDY OF ADOLESCENTS' AWARENESS OF THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CANCER PREVENTION

In Poland and the world, cancer is a serious health problem. There are the second cause of death in total and the first cause of death before the age of 65 in Poland. The paper presents some research results concerning the understanding of the level of knowledge of adolescents about lung cancer. An attempt was made to answer the question: Do young people have basic knowledge about lung cancer? The following hypotheses were made: Students believe that they influ-ence whether they will develop lung cancer. Adolescents have a basic knowledge of lung cancer. The obtained results allowed for the formulation of conclusions. The main goal of the work is to find out about the level of knowledge of young people about lung cancer.To improve the situation of lung cancer in society, numerous social organizations and associations take part in social campaigns dedicated to all citizens, regardless of age and sex. Some postulates, the introduction of which could increase the health security of the state and eliminate some environmental threats, such as passive smoking, will be presented below. These postulates have the overarching goal of changing the model of lung cancer prevention and care in Poland. The changes should be comprehensive - from prevention (primary and secondary), through diagnostics and treatment, post-treatment care (including rehabilitation and psycho-oncological care), to observation aimed at detecting and treating complications of the disease and anti-cancer therapy as well as early detection of possible recurrence of the disease. Given that smoking is becoming a bad habit of the younger age group than the study, it would be worthwhile to expand the age range and conduct such research among children, for example, from the age of 7 years. At this age, children are more receptive to and aware of health hazards.

FDS MODELING OF THE FIRE-PREVENTING EAVES EFFECTIVENESS TO PREVENT THE FIRE SPREADING ON FACADE OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

Purpose. Applying FDS modelling to detect the influence of structural parameters of facade fire eaves, the effectiveness of fire prevention by vertical building structures in high-rise buildings.Methods. To calculate the temperature in the high-rise building model used Pyrosim computer system that serves as the user's shell application Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). This FDS system uses numerical algorithms to solve the complete Navier-Stokes differential equation system to determine temperature and other hazardous factors during a fire.Results. The results of FDS modelling during substantiation of constructive parameters of fire eaves, which protrude beyond the facade and located on the border of fire compartments along the contour of high-rise buildings with a nominal height of more than 73.5 m, are presented. Premises and substantiated the criteria for the destruction of external light openings (windows) as an integral factor in the spread of fire on the external vertical building structures of high-rise ПОЖЕЖНА БЕЗПЕКА40 Вісник ЛДУБЖД, №23, 2021buildings. A study of the effectiveness of the structural parameters of cornices and their impact on the effectiveness of fire prevention by vertical building structures under the same initial conditions of fire development. Constructed comparative dependences of distribution of temperatures of heating of a facade of the house. Also defined the duration of achievement of their critical values.Scientific novelty. The analysis of the data obtained as a result of FDS modelling under the same initial conditions and conclusions on the effectiveness of design parameters of fire facade cornices on the border of fire compartments and ways to further improve their design to prevent the spread of fire in high-rise buildings. These studies are aimed at their use by design institutions during the development of design parameters of fire eaves, which protrude beyond the facade and are located on the border of fire compartments along the contour of high-rise buildings, as well as to improve the regulatory framework for fire safety.

PHYSICAL CONTENT OF COMPUTER STEGANOGRAPHY

Introduction. The development of computer technology has given a new impetus to the use of computer steganography. However, it is important to understand the physical content of this type of steganography.Purpose. The work aims to describe the practical use and physical content of the phenomenon of computer steganography, the results of the study on the hiding of files in the stegocontainer.Results. Describes the main ns currently computer steganography methods are actively used to solve the following tasks: Protection of confidential information from unauthorized access, overcoming monitoring and management of net-work resources, software camouflage, copyright protection, which is manifested in the use of digital watermarks, is one of the most promising areas of computer steganography. Among the methods of hiding information in images, the most common is the category of algorithms using the lower bits of the image data. They are considered in this paper. These algorithms are based on the fact that in some file formats, the lower bits of the values, although present in the file, but do not affect a person's perception of sound or image. The steganographic software S-Tools was chosen for the study. We created two test monotonous images with the size of 50 × 50 pixels in 24-bit bmp format to analyze the peculiarities of the placement of stego-data in container files. We chose black and white images for the study. A text file was hidden in each of the images, after which the reverse action was performed - extracting the file. As a result of hiding, two stego files were obtained. The paper compared the binary content of the original images and files containing private data. For comparison, the binary content of the black square image and the contents of the stegocontainer with a latent text file are given. Note that the contents of the container and the stego file are only partially listed, but the addresses of the memory cells have selected accordingly. The right column shows the contents of the memory cells in hexadecimal format. The bytes that display the colour of the square are set to "00" because the original image contains only black. We noted that the contents of the cells responsible for the image changed after hiding additional data (this reflected by cells with values of "01"). The paper also describes the procedure for hiding a group of different types of files. During the study, we found that the image file (1920 × 1080 pixels) with a volume of 6,220,854 bytes can hide 777,584 bytes of information.Conclusion. When using steganography, the program uses some algorithms that hide confidential data among the contents of the container: bits of the hidden file replace the bits of the original file at random positions. Thus, the size of the source file and the container file (containing the attached information) is the same, even if you hide a different number of files or different amounts of data.

DETERMINATION OF TECHNOGENIC RISKS IN TRANSITIONAL STATES DURING OPERATION OF WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS IN HEAT ENERGY

Introduction. Currently, the most important issues in the national economy are the issues of continuous, reliable and safe operation of circulating water supply systems, namely power units of thermal power plants and thermal power plants of industrial enterprises. Faultless and reliable operation of water supply systems ensures the normal operation of social and industrial enterprises, as well as the safe operation of fire protection systems, which can be disrupted by stopping the supply of quality products to the consumer. In Ukraine and abroad, this issue is devoted to many scientific papers on the assessment, calculation and management of man-made risks, the calculation and management of risks in water treatment systems in heat and energy. But the impact of these risks on environmental safety is not covered, while the issue is of great economic importance. However, the influence of these risks on environmental protection is not covered, while the problem is of great economic importance. There is no general methodological approach that considers the diversity of water treatment systems and their design solutions. There is no clear ranking of objects to be protected by risk analysis, and there is no analysis of the effects acting on them.Purpose and methods. The purpose of the work is to determine the risks associated with the patterns of the probability of failure of units, the patterns of transition from state to state and the risks associated with changes in patterns when replacing the blocks of the water treatment system or its elements. To study the probability of risks as a result of failures for the entire period of operation of the water treatment system in the heating industry, a structural and functional block diagram of the water treatment system is built. To obtain numerical data on the failure probability at any time, the failure probability curve was approximated by the curves of the law of normal distribution (Gaussian curves).Results and discussion. Studies have shown that the minimum risk is proportional to the minimum probability of failure. Then it will be fair to say that to minimize the risk, it is necessary to reduce the failure probability function on the part of the failure curve that corresponds to the operating state of the unit or element, that is on the plot or in the normal operation. To calculate the minimum probability of risk, it is necessary to determine the minimum of this function. Since failure is a function of many variables, thus Rfail = f (x, y, z) → 0. It is also established that for most water treatment systems at any time of operation it is possible to determine the risks associated with the regularities of failure probabilities of units, with regularities the transition of the system from state to state and the risks associated with changes in the above patterns when replacing the blocks of the water treatment system or its elements.Conclusions. As a result of the conducted researches, it is received that at long enough work of water treatment system it is necessary to establish in it a probabilistic constant mode of transition from a condition to a condition according to the scheme "working condition of all blocks - failure of one or several blocks - repair - working condition of all blocks". The probabilities of the sequence and duration of these events are determinable, which makes it possible on the one hand to assess the risks arising from the operation and to determine a management strategy to minimize these risks. The probability of failure rate intensity and possible changes in this probability during the operation of the water treatment system depending on the time interval on the failure curve on which the operation of this system is considered. Determining this probability makes it possible to predict risks throughout the periods of operation of systems and take measures to minimize them.

EVALUATING THE ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON THE PRUT RIVER NEAR YAREMCHE-TOWN ON THE POLLUTION LEVEL INDICES OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS

Introduction. One of the most objective and reliable indicators of the state of pollution of the aquatic environment and the overall level of technological load on it is the content of pollutants in bottom sediments (BS). There are no large industrial enterprises in and around Yaremche-town (Ivano-Frankivsk region), so there are no significant discharges of toxic substances into the sewage system, especially directly into the river. However, every year in this picturesque cornerof Prykarpattia the number of sanatoriums, recreation centres, cottage towns and just residential buildings grows. Accord-ingly, the Prut River, which is the pearl of this region, quite often gets untreated runoff, which pollutes not only water but also settles on bottom sediments.The purpose of this study was to assess the anthropogenic load on the Prut River based on a comprehensive environmental analysis of the state of pollution of the bottom sediments of this river upstream and downstream from Yaremche.Methods. Water extracts from bottom sediments were prepared by the recommendations of the relevant regula-tions in the ratio "bottom sediments - water" as 1: 5 in terms of the dry mass of bottom sediments. Laboratory study of hydrochemical parameters of selected samples was performed by gravimetric, titrimetric, photometric and other methods of analysis.Research results. The accumulation of ammonium salts, nitrites and nitrates, which are easily soluble, in the far above the discharge site of wastewater, is obviously due to the significant sorption properties of river sludge, which prevents these ions from being washed away by the flow. At the point of discharge of wastewater from the city, the content of these ions increases and reaches a maximum at point 3 - at a distance of approx. 100 m below the discharge site. Further downstream, their number systematically decreases. A similar distribution of concentrations is observed in the case of phosphates. Their source of getting into the river also, for the most part, belongs to the housing and communal services. A significant contribution to the increased phosphate content in the sample below the discharge is made by urban wastewater, in which even after treatment the concentration of phosphate ions remains quite high. The fact of the presence of oil products in the bottom sediments at the investigated area was revealed. The constant increase in the number of road transport on the banks of this resort river inevitably leads to the ingress of products of incomplete combustion of fuel, uncontrolled spills.Conclusions. Upstream from the place of discharge into the Prut River of treated wastewater in the city of Yaremche, the concentrations of salts-pollutants of the biogenic group are formed due to uncontrolled sources of domestic sew-age. In this area, the pollution of bottom sediments is insignificant, slightly higher at the discharge site, and they are of the greatest importance below the discharge. This fact indicates the growing anthropogenic impact of coastal cities on the state of the river and in general, and pollution of bottom sediments, in particular. For the first time oil products were found in bottom sediments in the studied area. The reason for this phenomenon is the constant increase in the number of vehicles on the banks of this river.

QUANTUM CHEMICAL SIMULATION OF THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF INORGANIC COPPER(II) SALTS ON THE COMBUSTION OF HYDROCARBONS

Introduction. The search for chemicals that would have an effective fire extinguishing effect and the development of new fire extinguishers based on them is an extremely important problem of fire safety. It is known from the literature that new aqueous fire extinguishing agents (AFEAs) based on dissolved inorganic salts of transition metals, in particular, copper(II) chloride salts, have a rather efficient inhibitory effect on the hydrocarbon flame. However, the mechanism of inhibition of hydrocarbon combustion by this class of substances is not completely ascertained. However, it is reliable information about the processes that take place in the flame after the bringing in there of the aerosol of the mentioned AFEA will allow a systematic search for more optimal chemical composition of dissolved inorganic salts of d-metals. Purpose. The purpose of the work is to reveal the peculiarities of the interaction of concentrated aqueous solutions of copper(II) chloride salts with chemically active flame particles.Methods. Quantum chemical calculations of the chemical activity of radicals that appear in the flame and the physicochemical processes that occur in the flame after the bringing on there of AFEA aerosol.Results. The mechanism of a fire-extinguishing effect of aqueous solutions of inorganic copper(II) salts on a hydrocarbon flame is investigated by a calculation method. The sequence of stages of chemical processes that occur in the flame during the inhibiting combustion of hydrocarbons by AFEAs—concentrated solutions of CuCl2 and K2[CuCl4]—and the thermal effects of all reactions that accompany each of these stepwise transformations were ascertained. The stages of the interaction of gaseous Cu2Cl4 molecules with ×OH and ×H radicals in flame with the formation of first a radical-molecular complex and then a molecular complex are decisive in the process of inhibition and display the processes of interruption of chain reactions, i.e. deactivation of radicals in a flame.Conclusion. Thus, using the method of quantum chemical calculations the mechanism of inhibition of hydrocarbon combustion by copper(II) salts was offered. The mechanism of this process is considered to be associative, the decisive elementary act of which is carried out according to the scheme of addition of active radicals of a flame (×OH particles) to gaseous molecules Cu2Cl4 with the formation of radical-molecular complex [{Cu(×OH)Cl2}2] and with its subsequent deactivation by ×H particles.