scholarly journals BEST PRACTICE APPROACH FOR WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN THE EDIBLE OIL INDUSTRY

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 128-132
Author(s):  
K. Stepova ◽  
O. Derun
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Physical Refining ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Practice Approach ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The capacity growth of the edible oil enterprises at the present stage of development leads to the formation of huge amounts of used water, which form the production wastewater. The main pollutants are organic substances, mainly fat. The existing treatment plants are not able to remove them from the water up to the level of sanitary requirements. These pollutants cause the processes of decay, water blooming, infection with pathogenic bacteria and, as a result, adversely affect the fauna and flora. For many enterprises in the industry, proper wastewater treatment is a significant problem. In industry, in order to reduce the amount of water used, and improve the quality and/or quantity of the effluent, it is strongly recommended that a ‘best practice’ approach is adopted, where avoidance of water usage is the most desirable, and disposal of wastewater the least desirable practice. Aim of the study. To propose measures for reducing the impact of edible oil industry on the state of surface wa-ter basing on the Best practice approach. 132 Вісник ЛДУБЖД, №19, 2019  As a result of the studies, the increase of the pollutants content in river water after the wastewater discharge of the edible oil production was revealed. In particular, the content of nitrite, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen, hydrocar-bons, chlorides and sulfates, fats and oils increased; the total iron content increased 10 times. The phosphates, petrole-um products and surfactants were defined.Suggested measures for optimising water efficiency in the edible oil industry include: physical refining, continuous deodorization, cleaning in place, recovery of heat condensates, equipment upgrade, dry clean-up techniques, cooling towers, blowdown wastewater recycling, installation of water meters, education of staff, re-use water, re-use treated effluent.

Problems of Implementation of an Import Substitution Policy in the Oil Industry

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Vertakova ◽  
A. S. Evtyukhin
Keyword(s):  
Import Substitution ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Current Economic Situation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Substitution Policy ◽  
Investment Process ◽  
The Impact

The presented study addresses the issues of implementation of an import substitution policy in the Russian oil industry. Support of domestic production is a key objective specified in the message of the President of the Russian Federation in 2019. In light of the current economic situation and considering the importance of the oil industry for the Russian economy, an import substitution policy could help achieve the objective set by the President.Aim. The study aims to identify the problems and ways of implementation of an import substitution policy in the Russian oil industry.Tasks. The authors analyze scientific publications on import substitution and the state of the Russian oil industry at the current stage of development; determine the directions and fundamental trends in the development of the oil industry; identify obstacles that hinder the implementation of an import substitution policy in the oil industry; describe conditions that facilitate the development of the  investment process in the oil industry; propose comprehensive methods and ways to intensify investments and optimize costs for enterprises in the oil industry.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition, comparative and statistical analysis to identify problems in the implementation of an import substitution policy in the oil industry.Results. Examination of the current state and development prospects of the oil industry allows the authors to identify obstacles to the development of import substitution. The study shows their impact on the potential of import substitution, which has a negative effect on the prospects of intensification of investment processes, and proposes comprehensive methods and mechanisms that could neutralize the impact of the identified obstacles, thus facilitating the formation of a positive investment climate. Conclusions. Investment climate is shown to have a decisive impact on the potential of import substitution in the Russian oil industry, and ways of overcoming negative trends in the development of the oil industry are proposed.

Perception of House Onsite Grey Water Treatment and Reuse in Palestinian Rural Areas

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidal Mahmoud ◽  
Ziad Mimi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Onsite Treatment

House onsite treatment of grey water and reuse of treated effluent for irrigating crops are increasingly accepted and practiced in Palestinian rural developments as more than 600 units are operational. The main goal of this research was to assess the impact of those systems on the environment, health, and the Palestinian society and economy through field survey in Qebia village where 47 house onsite sanitation systems were recently implemented. The results revealed that the biggest incentive for applying this system is the reuse of treated grey water for irrigation purposes, which is socially accepted. The application of those systems is currently limited and tied to the availability of external funds. The main concerns people have over the constructing of those house onsite systems are health risks, flooding, and odour emission. Accordingly, the concept of house onsite wastewater management systems is very promising, but provision of proper technical solutions is very important.

scholarly journals A best practice framework to measure spatial variation in alcohol availability

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Fry ◽  
Scott Orford ◽  
Sarah Rodgers ◽  
Jennifer Morgan ◽  
David Fone
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Alcohol Outlet ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Alcohol Outlet Density ◽  
Outlet Density ◽  
Practice Approach ◽  
Practice Framework ◽  
The Impact

Alcohol outlet density and alcohol-related harms are an internationally reported phenomenon. There are multiple methods described in the literature to measure alcohol outlet density, but with very little commentary on the geographical underpinnings of the methods. In this paper, we present a framework to help practitioners and researchers choose the most appropriate spatial method of measuring alcohol outlet density. The framework includes components on theoretical geography, statistical implications and practical considerations, with an emphasis on population-level exposure. We describe the CHALICE alcohol outlet density measurement method that was developed to investigate the relationships between alcohol outlet density and population harm. The CHALICE method is compared to four other methods found in the published literature. We demonstrate the impact of methodological choices (e.g. network vs. Euclidean distances) on resulting alcohol outlet density scores. We conclude that wherever possible the best practice approach to modelling alcohol outlet density should be used to facilitate flexibility in subsequent statistical analysis and improve the transparency of the results.

scholarly journals Optimisation of edible oil effluent degredation by microorganisms

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Swastika Surujlal
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Physical Refining ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Very High

Water is a precious and very valuable resource. Water resource shortages are problems that are plaguing the world. There is therefore a high demand for tightening water quality standards for both potable water and waters in the environment. It is becoming a necessity to treat and reuse wastewaters, especially wastewaters from industries, as these waters are of concern due to their toxic effects on the environment. In South Africa one of the industries of major concern is that of the edible oil industry and there are over a dozen ofthese industries in South Africa alone. Each of these industries utilises approximately 1.75 million m3 of water and discharges approximately 0.61 million m3 to the sewer each year. This wastewater that is being released has very high organic, inorganic and fats, oils and greases loads. Depending on the type of refinery process conducted on the crude oil, the effluent quality and quantity varies on a day to day basis. The two types of refinery procedures are the physical refining, where water is used or chemical refining where caustic soda is used. The organic load ofthe untreated effluent can range from 1 100 to 8 990 mg COD/L, the oils and greases can range from 80 to 1 360 mg/L and the pH can range from 1.8 to 10.5.

Experimental Study of the Impact of Alisma plantago-aquatica Secretions on Pathogenic Bacteria

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
O. Zhukorskyy ◽  
O. Hulay
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae ◽  
Natural Focus ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Popula Tions ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Aim. To estimate the impact of in vivo secretions of water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica) on the popula- tions of pathogenic bacteria Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Methods. The plants were isolated from their natural conditions, the roots were washed from the substrate residues and cultivated in laboratory conditions for 10 days to heal the damage. Then the water was changed; seven days later the selected samples were sterilized using fi lters with 0.2 μm pore diameter. The dilution of water plantain root diffusates in the experimental samples was 1:10–1:10,000. The initial density of E. rhusiopathiae bacteria populations was the same for both experimental and control samples. The estimation of the results was conducted 48 hours later. Results. When the dilution of root diffusates was 1:10, the density of erysipelothrixes in the experimental samples was 11.26 times higher than that of the control, on average, the dilution of 1:100 − 6.16 times higher, 1:1000 – 3.22 times higher, 1:10,000 – 1.81 times higher, respectively. Conclusions. The plants of A. plantago-aquatica species are capable of affecting the populations of E. rhusiopathiae pathogenic bacteria via the secretion of biologically active substances into the environment. The consequences of this interaction are positive for the abovementioned bacteria, which is demon- strated by the increase in the density of their populations in the experiment compared to the control. The intensity of the stimulating effect on the populations of E. rhusiopathiae in the root diffusates of A. plantago-aquatica is re- ciprocally dependent on the degree of their dilution. The investigated impact of water plantain on erysipelothrixes should be related to the topical type of biocenotic connections, the formation of which between the test species in the ecosystems might promote maintaining the potential of natural focus of rabies. Keywords: Alisma plantago-aquatica, in vivo secretions, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, population density, topical type of connections.

scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness of new MDR-TB regimens: study protocol for the TB-PRACTECAL economic evaluation substudy

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e036599
Author(s):  
Sedona Sweeney ◽  
Gabriela Gomez ◽  
Nichola Kitson ◽  
Animesh Sinha ◽  
Natalia Yatskevich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
London School ◽  
Main Trial ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionCurrent treatment regimens for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are long, poorly tolerated and have poor outcomes. Furthermore, the costs of treating MDR-TB are much greater than those for treating drug-susceptible TB, both for health service and patient-incurred costs. Urgent action is needed to identify short, effective, tolerable and cheaper treatments for people with both quinolone-susceptible and quinolone-resistant MDR-TB. We present the protocol for an economic evaluation (PRACTECAL-EE substudy) alongside an ongoing clinical trial (TB-PRACTECAL) aiming to assess the costs to patients and providers of new regimens, as well as their cost-effectiveness and impact on participant poverty levels. This substudy is based on data from the three countries participating in the main trial.Methods and analysisPrimary cost data will be collected from the provider and patient perspectives, following economic best practice. We will estimate the probability that new MDR-TB regimens containing bedaquiline, pretomanid and linezolid are cost-effective from a societal perspective as compared with the standard of care for MDR-TB patients in Uzbekistan, South Africa and Belarus. Analysis uses a Markov model populated with primary cost and outcome data collected at each study site. We will also estimate the impact of new regimens on prevalence of catastrophic patient costs due to TB.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and Médecins Sans Frontières. Local ethical approval will be sought in each study site. The results of the economic evaluation will be shared with the country health authorities and published in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT04207112); Pre-results.

scholarly journals AMPK activates Parkin independent autophagy and improves post sepsis immune defense against secondary bacterial lung infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel B. Bone ◽  
Eugene J. Becker ◽  
Maroof Husain ◽  
Shaoning Jiang ◽  
Anna A. Zmijewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Abdominal Sepsis ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Bacterial Killing ◽  
Lung Infections ◽  
Sepsis Survivors ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMetabolic and bioenergetic plasticity of immune cells is essential for optimal responses to bacterial infections. AMPK and Parkin ubiquitin ligase are known to regulate mitochondrial quality control mitophagy that prevents unwanted inflammatory responses. However, it is not known if this evolutionarily conserved mechanism has been coopted by the host immune defense to eradicate bacterial pathogens and influence post-sepsis immunosuppression. Parkin, AMPK levels, and the effects of AMPK activators were investigated in human leukocytes from sepsis survivors as well as wild type and Park2−/− murine macrophages. In vivo, the impact of AMPK and Parkin was determined in mice subjected to polymicrobial intra-abdominal sepsis and secondary lung bacterial infections. Mice were treated with metformin during established immunosuppression. We showed that bacteria and mitochondria share mechanisms of autophagic killing/clearance triggered by sentinel events that involve depolarization of mitochondria and recruitment of Parkin in macrophages. Parkin-deficient mice/macrophages fail to form phagolysosomes and kill bacteria. This impairment of host defense is seen in the context of sepsis-induced immunosuppression with decreased levels of Parkin. AMPK activators, including metformin, stimulate Parkin-independent autophagy and bacterial killing in leukocytes from post-shock patients and in lungs of sepsis-immunosuppressed mice. Our results support a dual role of Parkin and AMPK in the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria and killing of pathogenic bacteria, and explain the immunosuppressive phenotype associated Parkin and AMPK deficiency. AMPK activation appeared to be a crucial therapeutic target for the macrophage immunosuppressive phenotype and to reduce severity of secondary bacterial lung infections and respiratory failure.

scholarly journals Patient preferences for use of virtual consultations in an orthopaedic rehabilitation setting: Results from a discrete choice experiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 135581962110354
Author(s):  
Anthony W Gilbert ◽  
Emmanouil Mentzakis ◽  
Carl R May ◽  
Maria Stokes ◽  
Jeremy Jones
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Discrete Choice Experiment ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Patient Preferences ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Problem Area ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
The Impact

Objective Virtual Consultations may reduce the need for face-to-face outpatient appointments, thereby potentially reducing the cost and time involved in delivering health care. This study reports a discrete choice experiment (DCE) that identifies factors that influence patient preferences for virtual consultations in an orthopaedic rehabilitation setting. Methods Previous research from the CONNECT (Care in Orthopaedics, burdeN of treatmeNt and the Effect of Communication Technology) Project and best practice guidance informed the development of our DCE. An efficient fractional factorial design with 16 choice scenarios was created that identified all main effects and partial two-way interactions. The design was divided into two blocks of eight scenarios each, to reduce the impact of cognitive fatigue. Data analysis were conducted using binary logit regression models. Results Sixty-one paired response sets (122 subjects) were available for analysis. DCE factors (whether the therapist is known to the patient, duration of appointment, time of day) and demographic factors (patient qualifications, access to equipment, difficulty with activities, multiple health issues, travel costs) were significant predictors of preference. We estimate that a patient is less than 1% likely to prefer a virtual consultation if the patient has a degree, is without access to the equipment and software to undertake a virtual consultation, does not have difficulties with day-to-day activities, is undergoing rehabilitation for one problem area, has to pay less than £5 to travel, is having a consultation with a therapist not known to them, in 1 weeks’ time, lasting 60 minutes, at 2 pm. We have developed a simple conceptual model to explain how these factors interact to inform preference, including patients’ access to resources, context for the consultation and the requirements of the consultation. Conclusions This conceptual model provides the framework to focus attention towards factors that might influence patient preference for virtual consultations. Our model can inform the development of future technologies, trials, and qualitative work to further explore the mechanisms that influence preference.

scholarly journals Reducing environmental impacts from garments through best practice garment use and care, using the example of a Merino wool sweater

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Wiedemann ◽  
Leo Biggs ◽  
Quan V. Nguyen ◽  
Simon J. Clarke ◽  
Kirsi Laitala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Impact Category ◽  
Fashion Industry ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Multiple Users ◽  
Washing Machines ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose Garment production and use generate substantial environmental impacts, and the care and use are key determinants of cradle-to-grave impacts. The present study investigated the potential to reduce environmental impacts by applying best practices for garment care combined with increased garment use. A wool sweater is used as an example because wool garments have particular attributes that favour reduced environmental impacts in the use phase. Methods A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare six plausible best and worst-case practice scenarios for use and care of a wool sweater, relative to current practices. These focussed on options available to consumers to reduce impacts, including reduced washing frequency, use of more efficient washing machines, reduced use of machine clothing dryers, garment reuse by multiple users, and increasing number of garment wears before disposal. A sixth scenario combined all options. Worst practices took the worst plausible alternative for each option investigated. Impacts were reported per wear in Western Europe for climate change, fossil energy demand, water stress and freshwater consumption. Results and discussion Washing less frequently reduced impacts by between 4 and 20%, while using more efficient washing machines at capacity reduced impacts by 1 to 6%, depending on the impact category. Reduced use of machine dryer reduced impacts by < 5% across all indicators. Reusing garments by multiple users increased life span and reduced impacts by 25–28% across all indicators. Increasing wears from 109 to 400 per garment lifespan had the largest effect, decreasing impacts by 60% to 68% depending on the impact category. Best practice care, where garment use was maximised and care practices focussed on the minimum practical requirements, resulted in a ~ 75% reduction in impacts across all indicators. Unsurprisingly, worst-case scenarios increased impacts dramatically: using the garment once before disposal increased GHG impacts over 100 times. Conclusions Wool sweaters have potential for long life and low environmental impact in use, but there are substantial differences between the best, current and worst-case scenarios. Detailed information about garment care and lifespans is needed to understand and reduce environmental impacts. Opportunities exist for consumers to rapidly and dramatically reduce these impacts. The fashion industry can facilitate this through garment design and marketing that promotes and enables long wear life and minimal care.

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