scholarly journals Valorisation of used automotive lubrication oil

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Taegan Van Zyl
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Impurity Content ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Additive Package ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Lubrication Oil ◽  
Light Oil ◽  
Industrial Heating

This study has explored the production of Light Oil 10 (LO10) fuel from used automotive lubrication oil, thus providing a method for producing a cheaper alternative to diesel and paraffin for the South African industrial heating fuel market. Used automotive lubrication oil has different physical properties to that of the specified properties for Light Oil 10 fuel and therefore has to undergo processing that aligns the properties of the two. The low availability of Light Oil 10 fuel in the South African industrial heating market is driving companies such as a Durban based oil refinery to develop a continuous process that will produce Light Oil 10 fuels without the supplementation of paraffin. The supplementation has been done to retain customers but this resulted in the company selling Light Oil 10 fuel at a loss. Used automotive lubrication oil was of particular interest for use as the raw material for the new process as it is of low cost and is readily available. The viscosity (a measure of how easily a fluid flows at a particular temperature) of used lubrication oil was too high and needed to be reduced before it could qualify as Light Oil 10. The reduction of the viscosity of a fluid means that the ability of the fluid to flow at a particular temperature has improved. Additionally the additive package and the impurity content of the used automotive oil were too high. The additive package is added to mineral oil to give it the properties that new automotive lubrication oil requires; this package is still present in used automotive lubrication oil and is responsible for the high level of impurity content because it prevents impurities from agglomerating and dropping out of the oil. The new process was therefore required to be able to reduce the viscosity of used automotive lubrication oil and break the additive package. The required process and operating variables were developed / identified through literature review (qualitative) and the optimum operating variables were identified through experimentation (quantitative). A design of experiment was carried out using Design Expert software. This identified the matrix of runs that were required in identifying the optimum temperature, pressure and residence time for the ranges specified. The product from each of the runs was analysed in the Durban based oil refinery Research and Development lab. The results from the lab along with the corresponding run conditions were used to develop a model, and the model used to identify the optimum operating conditions. The research and experimentation took a total of two years to complete. The literature review found an existing refinery process, the drum type visbreaker to be the most suitable process for reducing the viscosity and breaking the additive package of used automotive lubrication oil. The drum type visbreaker holds oil in the drum for a period of time known as the residence time, at temperatures and pressures of 443oC and 15 bar respectively. These three variables are the critical operating variables in the visbreaking process. The high temperature breaks the large molecules into smaller molecules thereby reducing the viscosity via a process known as thermal cracking. This process also breaks down the additive package. The results from the experimental runs revealed that it is possible to produce Light Oil 10 from used automotive lubrication oil using the drum type visbreaker. The model produced through experimentation was found to be reliable and accurate within the range of variables investigated at predicting results for future runs. The model was also successfully used to identify the optimum operating conditions at which Light Oil 10 is produced from used automotive lubrication oil. The conditions were found to be 475oC, 15 bar and 60 minutes, confirmed by three confirmation runs. In conclusion this study has identified through literature and experimentation that thermal cracking via the free radical mechanism is the preferred process for producing Light Oil 10 from used automotive lubrication oil at liquid yields greater than 90%. An appropriate model was generated using the critical operating variables to predict future viscosity results. It was recommended that the Durban based oil refinery design and build a production scale pilot plant that includes all equipment and the feed heating coil (furnace used to heat feed to 475oC) that a full scale plant would have. This is because the run lengths due to coking (build up of hard carbon on the surfaces of heat exchange equipment) and functionality of the process need to be confirmed before the process can be deemed to be economically viable. Once this has been achieved a full scale production facility can be built.

Optimization of leachate treatment using persulfate/H2O2 based advanced oxidation process: case study: Deir El-Balah Landfill Site, Gaza Strip, Palestine

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed H. Hilles ◽  
Salem S. Abu Amr ◽  
Rim A. Hussein ◽  
Anwar I. Arafa ◽  
Olfat D. El-Sebaie
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Process ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Leachate Treatment ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
N Removal

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of employing H2O2 reagent in persulfate activation to treat stabilized landfill leachate. A central composite design (CCD) with response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the relationships between operating variables, such as persulfate and H2O2 dosages, pH, and reaction time, to identify the optimum operating conditions. Quadratic models for the following two responses proved to be significant with very low probabilities (<0.0001): chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH3-N removal. The obtained optimum conditions included a reaction time of 116 min, 4.97 g S2O82−, 7.29 g H2O2 dosage and pH 11. The experimental results were corresponding well with predicted models (COD and NH3-N removal rates of 81% and 83%, respectively). The results obtained in the stabilized leachate treatment were compared with those from other treatment processes, such as persulfate only and H2O2 only, to evaluate its effectiveness. The combined method (i.e., /S2O82−/H2O2) achieved higher removal efficiencies for COD and NH3-N compared with other studied applications.

Surface and wear mechanisms analysis of phosphorous-free and conventional engine lubricants on cylinder liner and piston rings surfaces

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dogus Özkan ◽  
Hakan Kaleli ◽  
Yves BERTHIER ◽  
Levent Yüksek
Keyword(s):  
Wear Mechanisms ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Antiwear Additive ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Piston Rings ◽  
Additive Package ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lubrication Oil ◽  
Endurance Tests

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the wear mechanisms, formations and effectiveness of tribofilms of new developed, antiwear additive which is called mercapthocarboxylate. The mercapthocarboxylate is a sulphur-based and non-phosphorus additive. Design/methodology/approach – The effectiveness of the additive was examined through a set of laboratory endurance tests that applied with single cylinder spark ignition engine. Two types of lubricants were used to compare the engine tests which were thiophosphate (ZDDP) containing engine lubricant (phosphorus containing) and mercapthocarboxylate containing non-phosphorus and non-ash crankcase oil. Lubricants were tested under identical operating conditions for 100 hrs. The surfaces of cylinder liner and piston rings were inspected through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. Findings – Catalysis-friendly and sulphur-based mercapthocarboxylate additive can be an alternative antiwear additive package for lubrication oil due to better wear performance when compared to ZDDP. Originality/value – Sulphur-based mercapthocarboxylate is a new developed antiwear additive and was applied to lubrication oil in this study. This lubrication oil was tested in the real engine environment by using 100-hr engine bench tests.

scholarly journals Inorganic carbon removal from refinery wastewater by using TiO2/ZnO/Fenton photocatalyst

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-225
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Refinery Wastewater ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Solar Photocatalyst ◽  
Quadratic Models

The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of the solar photocatalyst of TiO2/ZnO/Fenton process to treat the refinery wastewater and remove inorganic carbon (IC) which potentially toxic to human, aquatic and microorganism life. Central composite design with response surface methodology was used to evaluate the relationships between operating variables for TiO2 dosage, ZnO dosage, Fe2+ dosage, H2O2 dosage, and pH to identify the optimum operating conditions. Quadratic models for inorganic carbon (IC) removal and residual iron prove to be significant with low probabilities (<0.0001). The (IC) removal rates and residual iron correspond well with the predicted models. The maximum removal rate for IC and residual iron was 92.3% and 0.013, respectively at optimum operational conditions of a TiO2 dosage (0.3 g/l), ZnO dosage (0.58 g/l), Fe2+ dosage (0.02 g/l), H2O2 dosage (2.7 g/l), and pH (7). The treatment process achieved higher degradation efficiencies for IC and reduced the treatment time comparing with other related processes.

scholarly journals Comparison of Optimization of Exergy Efficiency of a Crude Distillation Unit Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Response Surface Methods (RSM)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
M. N. Braimah
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Exergy Efficiency ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Distillation Unit ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Artificial Neural

The study carried out simulation of the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) of the New Port Harcourt Refinery (NPHR) and performed exergy analysis of the Refinery. The Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) of the New Port Harcourt refinery was simulated using HYSYS (2006.5). The Atmospheric Distillation Unit (ADU) which is the most inefficient unit and where major separation of the crude occurs was focused on. The simulation result was exported to Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet for exergy analysis. The ADU was optimized using statistical method and Artificial Neural Network. Box-Behnken model was applied to the sensitive operating variables that were identified. The statistical analysis of the RSM was carried out using Design Expert (6.0). Matlab software was used for the Artificial Neural Network. All the operating variables were combined to give the best optimum operating conditions. Exergy efficiency of the ADU was 51.9% and 52.4% when chemical exergy was included and excluded respectively. The optimum operating conditions from statistical optimization (RSM) are 586.1 K for liquid inlet temperature, 595.5 kPa for liquid inlet pressure and condenser pressure of 124 kPa with exergy efficiency of 69.6% which is 33.0% increment as compared to the base case. For the ANN optimization, the exergy efficiency of the ADU was estimated to be 70.6%. This gave an increase of 34.9% as compared to the base case. This study concluded that enormous improvement can be achieved both in design feasibility and improved efficiency if the feed operating parameters and other sensitive parameters are carefully chosen. Furthermore, ANN optimization gave better exergy efficiency of 70.6% than RSM optimization of 69.6%.

scholarly journals Distillation Assisted by Microwave for Extracting Essential Oil from Java Cananga Flowers

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mahfud ◽  
A. Chandra K. F. ◽  
L. Qadariyah ◽  
P. Prihatini
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Microwave Oven ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Light Oil

Cananga oil is one type of essential oil that called etheric oil or light oil. To increase the production of canangaoil, it is need to improve distillation methods and operating conditions, so that extraction process can producecananga oil more efficient. The aims of this research are to study several factors that influence the distillationmethods assisted by microwave, i.e.: flowers conditions, extraction time, mass of material, and microwave power.The experiment was conducted in a round bottom flask distiller that was placed inside a microwave oven andequipped with a Liebig condenser. The operating variables are: flowers conditions (fresh, wilted, chopped). Thecontent of distiller (100, 150, 200 gr). The results of this research shows that the yield of fresh flowers (0.6251 -1.1965%) were higher than wilted flowers (0.5391 - 1.0755%). The mass ratio of material by volume ofdistillation flask influences on yield obtained. The denser of material, the less of oil yield be obtained. The oilyield increase with time extraction, microwave power and temperature. The distillation assisted by microwave ismore efficient than conventional distillation, because we can increase the oil yield with shorter extraction time.The quality of cananga oil obtained by distillation assisted by microwave is conforming to quality standard ofIndonesian (SNI) and Essential Oil Association (EOA).

scholarly journals Reduction crystallization of heavy metals from acid treated phosphogypsum effluent utilizing hydrazine as a reducing reagent

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Tebogo Mashifan ◽  
Nastassia Sithole
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Nickel Powder ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Seeding Material ◽  
Iron Manganese ◽  
Base Substrate

Phosphogypsum is a by-product generated from phosphoric acid production processes. Due to the negative impact posed to the environment by the material, a chemical treatment process was developed to reduce the hazardous constituents in the material and render the final product useful for other applications. The treatment of phosphogypsum produced an effluent laden with contaminants such as copper, iron, manganese and thallium. This study was conducted to investigate the use of hydrazine as a reducing agent to remove and reduce Cu, Fe, Mn and TI from effluent, applying a reduction crystallization process. Nickel powder a base substrate was utilised as a seeding material. A feasibility study was carried out to test the efficiency and find the optimum operating conditions for the process. The predominant detected components in the feedstock were 71% Fe, 14% Tl, 5.1% Mn, 4.12% Cu and 2.4% Zn. The results obtained indicate that hydrazine can effectively remove up to 99.8% of metals from the effluent at the optimum pH of 10.5. Growth of the nickel powder particles was evident indicating a reduction and adsorption of contaminants on the surface of the powder. The treated solution was within South African acceptable limits for effluent discharge, which stipulates a concentration of 20 mg/l of copper, iron, manganese and thulium.

scholarly journals Experimental Study and Analysis on Degradation of Oily Sludge from Process Equipment by Continuous Hybrid Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Mohammad Fadhil Abid ◽  
Luma Hussein Mahmod ◽  
Samer Talib Breesam ◽  
Wasen Samie
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Hybrid Process ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Oily Sludge ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Hybrid Treatment

It is well known that petroleum refineries are considered the largest generator of oily sludge which may cause serious threats to the environment if disposed of without treatment. Throughout the present research, it can be said that a hybrid process including ultrasonic treatment coupled with froth floatation has been shown as a green efficient treatment of oily sludge waste from the bottom of crude oil tanks in Al-Daura refinery and able to get high yield of base oil recovery which is 65% at the optimum operating conditions (treatment time = 30 min, ultrasonic wave amplitude = 60 micron, and (solvent: oily sludge) ratio = 4). Experimental results showed that 83% of the solvent used was recovered meanwhile the main water which was separated from solid particles was reused. Three types of sonic probes were used to compare effects of their amplitude created. Results revealed that beyond optimum ultrasound intensity, the treating time has an adverse effect on process efficiency. Results proved that usage 0.05% NaOH during the proposed hybrid process increased the oil recovery from 50 to 65%. The proposed hybrid treatment method could represent an environmentally friendly treatment of waste sludge produced from an oil refinery.  

scholarly journals A Comparison Study of Performance Efficiency of Lead-Acid Batteries Available in the Iraqi Markets.

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.37) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Hussein H. Hamed ◽  
Iman H. Zainulabdeen ◽  
Samko Sh. Raheem ◽  
Awad E. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Charging Time ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

Batteries consider the major important devices for energy storage based on converting the chemical energy to electrical energy. Different types of batteries are available working in different efficiencies. In this work the performance efficiency of five types of batteries available in the Iraqi were assessed. Different operating variables such as Battery Type (Akko, Raggie, Aswar, Terminator, and Hongdeng), Temperature (20, 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65˚C), and Charging Time (24, 48, and 72 hr) were studied the impact of these on the performance efficiency of each battery type. According to the results obtained in this study, maximum performance efficiency achieved was 7.2 V at optimum operating variables are (temperature 20˚C), and (charging time 48 hr). Furthermore, a computer was used with Data Logger to be connected with batteries. Finally, the most stable type and resistance to operating conditions was Aswar type in the first rank and Hongdeng type in the last rank.  

Optimization of Anode Usage in Electroplating Process by Using Response Surface Methodology

2012 ◽  
Vol 576 ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahida Begum ◽  
Faris Tarlochan ◽  
Kirubaharan Sambasivam
Keyword(s):  
Base Metal ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Electrodeposition Technique ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Electroplating Process ◽  
Full Factorial

Electroplating is a process of depositing a layer of metal onto another base metal using the electrodeposition technique, where an acid is used as a medium of transferring the desired metal onto the base metal. During electroplating some amount of anodes are wasted and burnt and ended up not being used on the end product. A series of experiments with various input parameters were carried out in order to identify the best possible setting which would result in minimum anode usage. The experiments were designed using two level full factorial design. It was observed from factorial analysis that all the input variables like the porosity of anodes in anode basket, concentration of electrolyte and applied voltage have pronounced effect on the anode usage; however, the most significant influence was from porosity. The usage of the anodes was much less as the porosity due to the arrangement of anode in anode basket decreased. The interactive affects of the input variables such as the porosity and the voltage, and the porosity and the concentration were also prominent. The optimum operating conditions were identified by response optimizer plot and were verified experimentally. Both the analytical and experimental results indicated that anode usage could be reduced by 6.12% from that of the current practice. Hence it can be concluded that the operating variables in electroplating industry have significant effect on anode usage.

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