Optimization of Anode Usage in Electroplating Process by Using Response Surface Methodology

2012 ◽  
Vol 576 ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahida Begum ◽  
Faris Tarlochan ◽  
Kirubaharan Sambasivam
Keyword(s):  
Base Metal ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Electrodeposition Technique ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Electroplating Process ◽  
Full Factorial

Electroplating is a process of depositing a layer of metal onto another base metal using the electrodeposition technique, where an acid is used as a medium of transferring the desired metal onto the base metal. During electroplating some amount of anodes are wasted and burnt and ended up not being used on the end product. A series of experiments with various input parameters were carried out in order to identify the best possible setting which would result in minimum anode usage. The experiments were designed using two level full factorial design. It was observed from factorial analysis that all the input variables like the porosity of anodes in anode basket, concentration of electrolyte and applied voltage have pronounced effect on the anode usage; however, the most significant influence was from porosity. The usage of the anodes was much less as the porosity due to the arrangement of anode in anode basket decreased. The interactive affects of the input variables such as the porosity and the voltage, and the porosity and the concentration were also prominent. The optimum operating conditions were identified by response optimizer plot and were verified experimentally. Both the analytical and experimental results indicated that anode usage could be reduced by 6.12% from that of the current practice. Hence it can be concluded that the operating variables in electroplating industry have significant effect on anode usage.

Optimization of leachate treatment using persulfate/H2O2 based advanced oxidation process: case study: Deir El-Balah Landfill Site, Gaza Strip, Palestine

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed H. Hilles ◽  
Salem S. Abu Amr ◽  
Rim A. Hussein ◽  
Anwar I. Arafa ◽  
Olfat D. El-Sebaie
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Process ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Leachate Treatment ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
N Removal

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of employing H2O2 reagent in persulfate activation to treat stabilized landfill leachate. A central composite design (CCD) with response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the relationships between operating variables, such as persulfate and H2O2 dosages, pH, and reaction time, to identify the optimum operating conditions. Quadratic models for the following two responses proved to be significant with very low probabilities (<0.0001): chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH3-N removal. The obtained optimum conditions included a reaction time of 116 min, 4.97 g S2O82−, 7.29 g H2O2 dosage and pH 11. The experimental results were corresponding well with predicted models (COD and NH3-N removal rates of 81% and 83%, respectively). The results obtained in the stabilized leachate treatment were compared with those from other treatment processes, such as persulfate only and H2O2 only, to evaluate its effectiveness. The combined method (i.e., /S2O82−/H2O2) achieved higher removal efficiencies for COD and NH3-N compared with other studied applications.

scholarly journals Inorganic carbon removal from refinery wastewater by using TiO2/ZnO/Fenton photocatalyst

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-225
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Refinery Wastewater ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Solar Photocatalyst ◽  
Quadratic Models

The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of the solar photocatalyst of TiO2/ZnO/Fenton process to treat the refinery wastewater and remove inorganic carbon (IC) which potentially toxic to human, aquatic and microorganism life. Central composite design with response surface methodology was used to evaluate the relationships between operating variables for TiO2 dosage, ZnO dosage, Fe2+ dosage, H2O2 dosage, and pH to identify the optimum operating conditions. Quadratic models for inorganic carbon (IC) removal and residual iron prove to be significant with low probabilities (<0.0001). The (IC) removal rates and residual iron correspond well with the predicted models. The maximum removal rate for IC and residual iron was 92.3% and 0.013, respectively at optimum operational conditions of a TiO2 dosage (0.3 g/l), ZnO dosage (0.58 g/l), Fe2+ dosage (0.02 g/l), H2O2 dosage (2.7 g/l), and pH (7). The treatment process achieved higher degradation efficiencies for IC and reduced the treatment time comparing with other related processes.

Towards Potential Removal of Malachite Green from Wastewater: Adsorption Process Optimization and Prediction

2020 ◽  
Vol 1008 ◽  
pp. 213-221
Author(s):  
Rehab M. Ali ◽  
Mohamed A. Hassaan ◽  
Marwa R. Elkatory
Keyword(s):  
Malachite Green ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Batch Adsorption ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
Full Factorial

Granular activated carbon (GAC) is utilized as an adsorbent for the malachite green (MG) dye removal from aqueous solutions. The GAC was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) to realize the GAC chemical and physical features effects on the adsorption efficiency. Batch adsorption processes were carried out with different variables like pH, GAC dose, initial MG concentration and time. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experiments, model the adsorption process, optimize the operating conditions and predict the response. A 24 full factorial central composite design (CCD) was performed for the experimental design and the analysis of the results. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to determine the significance of the factors and explore the interaction between the various experimental parameters. An empirical model was derived to correlate the experimental results and predict the behavior of the GAC for the adsorption process. The model showed a good agreement with the experimental results of R2 = 0.9968 and evidenced that the optimum operating parameters are pH 10, 2 g GAC/L, 200 mg/L of MG initial concentration and 113 min adsorption time for complete removal of MG.

Electro-Mechanical Coupling Performances of a Piezoelectric Bimorph

2007 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 327-330
Author(s):  
Shao Ze Yan ◽  
Fu Xing Zhang ◽  
Shi Zhu Wen
Keyword(s):  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Step Response ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Piezoelectric Bimorph ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Mechanical Coupling ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Set Up

The influence of electro-mechanical operation conditions on the actuation capabilities of the piezoelectric bimorph is investigated in this paper. The objective is to compare the performance of the piezoelectric bimorph in different operation conditions and to determine the optimum operating conditions. An experimental set-up is built, and a series of experiments are presented to investigate the static and dynamic characteristics of the bimorph, including tip displacements of the bimorph under different preloads, dynamic response at different drive frequencies, step response and creep. Some properties such as displacement output, force output and hysteresis of the piezoelectric bimorph under different operating conditions are evaluated. Experimental results indicate strong dependence of both elastic and piezoelectric properties of the bimorph on the operating conditions.

scholarly journals Comparison of Optimization of Exergy Efficiency of a Crude Distillation Unit Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Response Surface Methods (RSM)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
M. N. Braimah
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Exergy Efficiency ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Distillation Unit ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Artificial Neural

The study carried out simulation of the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) of the New Port Harcourt Refinery (NPHR) and performed exergy analysis of the Refinery. The Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) of the New Port Harcourt refinery was simulated using HYSYS (2006.5). The Atmospheric Distillation Unit (ADU) which is the most inefficient unit and where major separation of the crude occurs was focused on. The simulation result was exported to Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet for exergy analysis. The ADU was optimized using statistical method and Artificial Neural Network. Box-Behnken model was applied to the sensitive operating variables that were identified. The statistical analysis of the RSM was carried out using Design Expert (6.0). Matlab software was used for the Artificial Neural Network. All the operating variables were combined to give the best optimum operating conditions. Exergy efficiency of the ADU was 51.9% and 52.4% when chemical exergy was included and excluded respectively. The optimum operating conditions from statistical optimization (RSM) are 586.1 K for liquid inlet temperature, 595.5 kPa for liquid inlet pressure and condenser pressure of 124 kPa with exergy efficiency of 69.6% which is 33.0% increment as compared to the base case. For the ANN optimization, the exergy efficiency of the ADU was estimated to be 70.6%. This gave an increase of 34.9% as compared to the base case. This study concluded that enormous improvement can be achieved both in design feasibility and improved efficiency if the feed operating parameters and other sensitive parameters are carefully chosen. Furthermore, ANN optimization gave better exergy efficiency of 70.6% than RSM optimization of 69.6%.

scholarly journals Production of Biodiesel From Croton gratissimus Oil Using Sulfated Zirconia and KOH as Catalysts

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phiwe Charles Jiyane ◽  
Kaniki Tumba ◽  
Paul Musonge
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Sulfated Zirconia ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Design Factors ◽  
Full Factorial

Optimization studies for the esterification and transesterification of oil extracted from Croton gratissimus grains were carried out using the response surface methodology (RMS) that utilizes the central composite design (CCD) and the analysis of variance (ANOVA). A 23 full-factorial rotatable CCD for three independent variables at five levels was developed in each case, giving a total of 20 experiments needed per study. The three design factors chosen for study were the catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil ratio, and the reaction temperature. The values of the acid value of oil (in esterification) and the percentage FAME yield and FAME purity (in transesterification) were taken as the responses of the designed experiments. In the optimization of the esterification and transesterification processes, the ANOVA showed that both quadratic regression models developed were significant. The optimum operating conditions for the esterification process that could give an optimum acid value of 2.693 mg KOH/g of oil were found to be 10.96 mass% SO42–/ZrO2 catalyst concentration, 27.60 methanol-to-oil ratio, and 64°C reaction temperature. In the optimization of the transesterification process, the model revealed that the catalyst concentration and the methanol-to-oil ratio were the terms that had the most influence on the % FAME yield and the % FAME purity of the final biodiesel product. From the combined regression model, it was established that optimum responses of the 84.51% FAME yield and 90.66% FAME purity could be achieved when operating the transesterification process at 1.439 mass% KOH catalyst concentration, 7.472 methanol-to-oil ratio, and at a temperature of 63.50°C. Furthermore, in the two-step biodiesel synthesis, a predominantly monoclinic-phased sulfated zirconia (SO42–/ZrO2) catalyst exhibited high activity in the esterification of high free fatty acid oil extracted from Croton gratissimus grains. A 91% reduction in the acid value of the Croton gratissimus oil from 21.46 mg KOH/g of oil to 2.006 mg KOH/g of oil, well below the 4 mg KOH/g of oil maximum limit, was achieved. This resulted in the high FAME yield and purity of the biodiesel produced in the subsequent catalytic transesterification of oil using KOH.

scholarly journals A Comparison Study of Performance Efficiency of Lead-Acid Batteries Available in the Iraqi Markets.

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.37) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Hussein H. Hamed ◽  
Iman H. Zainulabdeen ◽  
Samko Sh. Raheem ◽  
Awad E. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Charging Time ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

Batteries consider the major important devices for energy storage based on converting the chemical energy to electrical energy. Different types of batteries are available working in different efficiencies. In this work the performance efficiency of five types of batteries available in the Iraqi were assessed. Different operating variables such as Battery Type (Akko, Raggie, Aswar, Terminator, and Hongdeng), Temperature (20, 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65˚C), and Charging Time (24, 48, and 72 hr) were studied the impact of these on the performance efficiency of each battery type. According to the results obtained in this study, maximum performance efficiency achieved was 7.2 V at optimum operating variables are (temperature 20˚C), and (charging time 48 hr). Furthermore, a computer was used with Data Logger to be connected with batteries. Finally, the most stable type and resistance to operating conditions was Aswar type in the first rank and Hongdeng type in the last rank.  

scholarly journals Valorisation of used automotive lubrication oil

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Taegan Van Zyl
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Impurity Content ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Additive Package ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Lubrication Oil ◽  
Light Oil ◽  
Industrial Heating

This study has explored the production of Light Oil 10 (LO10) fuel from used automotive lubrication oil, thus providing a method for producing a cheaper alternative to diesel and paraffin for the South African industrial heating fuel market. Used automotive lubrication oil has different physical properties to that of the specified properties for Light Oil 10 fuel and therefore has to undergo processing that aligns the properties of the two. The low availability of Light Oil 10 fuel in the South African industrial heating market is driving companies such as a Durban based oil refinery to develop a continuous process that will produce Light Oil 10 fuels without the supplementation of paraffin. The supplementation has been done to retain customers but this resulted in the company selling Light Oil 10 fuel at a loss. Used automotive lubrication oil was of particular interest for use as the raw material for the new process as it is of low cost and is readily available. The viscosity (a measure of how easily a fluid flows at a particular temperature) of used lubrication oil was too high and needed to be reduced before it could qualify as Light Oil 10. The reduction of the viscosity of a fluid means that the ability of the fluid to flow at a particular temperature has improved. Additionally the additive package and the impurity content of the used automotive oil were too high. The additive package is added to mineral oil to give it the properties that new automotive lubrication oil requires; this package is still present in used automotive lubrication oil and is responsible for the high level of impurity content because it prevents impurities from agglomerating and dropping out of the oil. The new process was therefore required to be able to reduce the viscosity of used automotive lubrication oil and break the additive package. The required process and operating variables were developed / identified through literature review (qualitative) and the optimum operating variables were identified through experimentation (quantitative). A design of experiment was carried out using Design Expert software. This identified the matrix of runs that were required in identifying the optimum temperature, pressure and residence time for the ranges specified. The product from each of the runs was analysed in the Durban based oil refinery Research and Development lab. The results from the lab along with the corresponding run conditions were used to develop a model, and the model used to identify the optimum operating conditions. The research and experimentation took a total of two years to complete. The literature review found an existing refinery process, the drum type visbreaker to be the most suitable process for reducing the viscosity and breaking the additive package of used automotive lubrication oil. The drum type visbreaker holds oil in the drum for a period of time known as the residence time, at temperatures and pressures of 443oC and 15 bar respectively. These three variables are the critical operating variables in the visbreaking process. The high temperature breaks the large molecules into smaller molecules thereby reducing the viscosity via a process known as thermal cracking. This process also breaks down the additive package. The results from the experimental runs revealed that it is possible to produce Light Oil 10 from used automotive lubrication oil using the drum type visbreaker. The model produced through experimentation was found to be reliable and accurate within the range of variables investigated at predicting results for future runs. The model was also successfully used to identify the optimum operating conditions at which Light Oil 10 is produced from used automotive lubrication oil. The conditions were found to be 475oC, 15 bar and 60 minutes, confirmed by three confirmation runs. In conclusion this study has identified through literature and experimentation that thermal cracking via the free radical mechanism is the preferred process for producing Light Oil 10 from used automotive lubrication oil at liquid yields greater than 90%. An appropriate model was generated using the critical operating variables to predict future viscosity results. It was recommended that the Durban based oil refinery design and build a production scale pilot plant that includes all equipment and the feed heating coil (furnace used to heat feed to 475oC) that a full scale plant would have. This is because the run lengths due to coking (build up of hard carbon on the surfaces of heat exchange equipment) and functionality of the process need to be confirmed before the process can be deemed to be economically viable. Once this has been achieved a full scale production facility can be built.

Cake Formation in Cross-Flow Microfiltration Systems

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 149-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. L. Pillay ◽  
C. A. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Cross Flow ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Waste Waters ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Turbulent Flow Regime ◽  
Cake Formation

Cross-flow microfiltration (CFMF) has potentially wide application in the processing of industrial and domestic waste waters. Optimum design and operation of CFMF systems necessitates a knowledge of the characteristic system behaviour, and an understanding of the mechanisms governing this behaviour. This paper is a contribution towards the elucidation and understanding of the behaviour of a woven fibre CFMF operated in the turbulent flow regime. The characteristic flux-time curve and effects of operating variables on flux are presented for a limestone suspension cross-flow filtered in a 25 mm woven fibre tube. The phenomena contributing to the shape of the flux-time curve are discussed. A model of the mechanisms governing cake growth and limit is presented. Predicted steady-state fluxes show a notably good correspondence with experimentally measured values. It is also found that the flux may not be uniquely defined by the operating conditions, but may also be a function of the operating path taken to reach the operating point. This is of significance in the start-up and operation of CFMF units.

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