In a Flame

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas L. Winiarski
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Church Membership ◽  
Rhetorical Strategies ◽  
Conversion Narratives ◽  
New Birth ◽  
Lay Piety ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
George Whitefield ◽  
The Ideal

Part 2 reconstructs the theological and rhetorical strategies through which the popular Anglican evangelist George Whitefield and other itinerant preachers labored to persuade their audiences to repudiate the ideal of the godly walk. In its place, many New Englanders championed Whitefield’s "doctrine of the new birth," the instantaneous descent and implantation of God's Holy Spirit. Heady reports of dramatic preaching performances, such as Jonathan Edwards’s Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God, convinced many "New Converts" that they were witnessing an unprecedented outpouring of the Holy Spirit, or what people began to call a singular "Revival of Religion." Traditional outsiders to the Congregational establishment, especially native and African Americans, played key roles in revival accounts of new converts. Diaries, letters, sermon notes, church membership demographics, prayer bills, and even gravestone iconography registered an abrupt shift in lay piety, as New Englanders began to narrate their experiences of the new birth in the earliest evangelical conversion narratives.

The Outbreak of Evangelicalism

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-172
Author(s):  
Baird Tipson
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Religious Experience ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Jonathan Edwards ◽  
John Wesley ◽  
British Isles ◽  
New Birth ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
George Whitefield

This chapter first describes the theology of the leaders of the evangelical awakening on the British Isles, George Whitefield and John Wesley. Both insisted that by preaching the “immediate” revelation of the Holy Spirit during what they called the “new birth,” they were recovering an essential element of primitive Christianity that had been forgotten over the centuries. Both had clear affinities with the conscience theology of William Perkins, yet both distanced themselves from it in important ways. In New England, Jonathan Edwards explored the nature of religious experience more deeply than either Wesley or Whitefield had done, and Edwards proudly claimed his Puritan heritage even as opponents found him deviating from it.

Inward Baptism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baird Tipson
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Jonathan Edwards ◽  
John Wesley ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Evangelical Christian ◽  
New Birth ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
George Whitefield

Inward Baptism describes theological developments leading up to the great evangelical revivals in the mid-eighteenth century. It argues that Martin Luther’s insistence that a participant’s faith was essential to a sacrament’s efficacy would inevitably lead to the insistence on an immediate, perceptible communication from the Holy Spirit, which evangelicals continue to call the “new birth.” A description of “conversion” through the sacrament of penance in late-medieval Western Christianity leads to an exploration of Luther’s critique of that system, to the willingness of Reformed theologians to follow Luther’s logic, to an emphasis on “inward” rather than “outward” baptism, to William Perkins’s development of a conscience religion, to late-seventeenth-century efforts to understand religion chiefly as morality, and finally to the theological rationale for the new birth from George Whitefield, John Wesley, and Jonathan Edwards. If the average Christian around the year 1500 encountered God primarily through sacraments presided over by priests, an evangelical Christian around 1750 received God directly into his or her heart without the need for clerical mediation, and he or she would be conscious of God’s presence there.

Pentecostal Understanding of Sanctification from a Pentecostal Perspective

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-110
Author(s):  
Hollis Gause
Keyword(s):  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Divine Revelation ◽  
Word Of God ◽  
Holy Trinity ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Birth ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
Fruit Of The Spirit ◽  
The Trinity

AbstractThe doctrine of the Holy Trinity is the product of divine revelation, and is a doctrine of divine worship. The expressions of this doctrine come out of worshipful response to divine revelation demonstrating the social nature of the Trinity and God's incorporating the human creature in His own sociality and personal pluralism. The perfect social union between God and the man and woman that he had created was disrupted by human sin. God redeemed the fallen creature, and at the heart of this redemptive experience lies the doctrine of Holy Trinity, with the Holy Spirit as the communing agent of all the experiences of salvation. The Spirit is especially active in the provision and fulfillment of sanctification, which is presented here as the continuum of 'holiness-unity-love'. He produces the graces of the Holy Spirit – the fruit of the Spirit. He implants the Seed of the new birth which is the word of God. He purifies by the blood of Jesus. He establishes union and communion among believers and with God through His Son Jesus. This is holiness.

From Holiness to Healing: The Faith Cure in America 1872–1892

1974 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond J. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Holy Spirit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Devotional Literature ◽  
Social Reforms ◽  
Conversion Experience ◽  
New Birth ◽  
Entire Sanctification ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
Evangelical Protestants ◽  
Charles Finney

One of the more interesting features of American religious life in the years following the Civil War was the renascence of perfectionist or “holiness” teachings among evangelical Protestants. Declaring that the scriptural Baptism of the Holy Spirit brought entire sanctification, perfectionists held that all Christians should seek and expect a “second blessing”, beyond the conversion experience, which would bring complete and instantaneous purification from sin and perfect holiness toward God. Beyond the “new birth” of justification, there lay the “higher life” of sanctification. These doctrines were first promulgated in the United States by the evangelist Charles Finney in the 1830s. Finney drew upon the theology of John Wesley and the early Methodists whose doctrine of “perfect love” paralleled his own religious experience. In the antebellum decades a proliferation of perfectionist devotional literature and a wave of perfectionist-oriented revivals bore witness to the appeal of the doctrine. Although Methodists were in the vanguard, the movement was thoroughly interdenominational. In this period perfectionism also had strong social connotations, and many social reforms of the era drew freely upon perfectionist impulses.

scholarly journals Adam Pastor, Antitrinitarian Antipædobaptist

1917 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 73-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Henry Newman
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Church Membership ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Infant Baptism ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
Doctrine Of The Trinity ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Trinity ◽  
Traditional Doctrine

The intellectual, social, and religious upheaval of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries of which the Renaissance and the Protestant Revolution were phases, along with the decidedly skeptical tendency of the Scotist philosophy which undermined the arguments by which the great mysteries of the Christian faith had commonly been supported while accepting unconditionally the dogmas of the Church—together with the influence of Neoplatonizing mysticism which aimed and claimed to raise its subjects into such direct and complete union and communion with the Infinite as to make any kind of objective authority superfluous:—all these influences conspired to lead many of the most conscientious and profoundly religious thinkers of the sixteenth century to reject simultaneously the baptism of infants and the traditional doctrine of the Trinity. Infant baptism they regarded as being without scriptural warrant, subversive of an ordinance of Christ, and inconsistent with regenerate church membership. Likewise the doctrine of the tripersonality of God, as set forth in the so-called Nicene and Athanasian creeds, involving the co-eternity, co-equality and consubstantiality of the Son with the Father and the personality of the Holy Spirit, they subjected to searching and fundamental criticism.

scholarly journals Pentingnya Peranan Guru Kristen dalam Membentuk Karakter Siswa Dalam Pendidikan Kristen: Sebuah Kajian Etika Kristen [The Significance of the Role of Christian Teachers in Building Students’ Character in Christian Education: A Study of Christian Ethics]

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Kiki Debora ◽  
Chandra Han
Keyword(s):  
Christian Education ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
New Birth ◽  
Christian Teachers ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
Born Again ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Good Deeds

<p class="abstracttextDILIGENTIA">Transformation for the nation's generation can be done through education because education has a very important influence on the nation's generation. Christian education is not only talking about ways to educate children of the nation, but also Christian education is holistically paying attention to the entire existence of students. The development of the modern era has caused the character of the nation's generation to decline and moral damage is getting higher. The role of the qualified Christian teachers is very important in improving the quality of education, especially students. Beside the parents, teachers have a big influence in the life the of students. The Christian education is not just to improve science, but to shape the character of students through the role of Christian teachers who have experienced a new birth because only Christian teachers who have been born again are able to do good deeds because the Holy Spirit enables them. Every example of good deeds done by a Christian teacher will influence the formation of student character. Christian teachers who have experienced a new birth as agents of transformation took change play a role in shaping the character of students. The formation of student character aims to make students know the truth and errors and the meaning of each action they do. Through correct understanding students are able to make decisions and take responsibility in the modern era. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the important role of Christian teachers in shaping students' character through Christian education. This paper begin with some explanations of the study focus based on the title. The next explanation is to examine the role of the Christian teacher in shaping students’ character and finally make conclusions and suggestions.</p>

Pranks, Tropes and Raspberries: The Dialogic Demeanour of Satire’s Creative Horizon

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-60
Author(s):  
John Baldacchino
Keyword(s):  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Nobel Laureate ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
The Political ◽  
The People ◽  
Dario Fo ◽  
The World ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract This essay starts off with a modern-day court jester (Nobel laureate Dario Fo) praising a Pope (Albino Luciani, who became John Paul I). Fo presents us with an historic moment: Luciani scandalises his Church by calling God “Mother.” With utmost seriousness, Fo appreciates the Pope’s kindness and warmth by which the artist perceives a way of scandalising the world out of complacency. In their idealised and situated presentations of the world, the sacred and the profane return the necessary to the contingent (and vice-versa) as moments of equal attention and distraction. Likewise, irony and satire mark our situated sense of the ideal by an inability to unlearn the certainties by which we are urged to construct our world. This is done by first presenting a situated pedagogical context that refuses to provide solutions presumed on measurement, certainty or finality. Secondly this begins to lay claim to the political, aesthetic and moral values that are gained through art’s ironic disposition. Thirdly, through our contingent states of being we begin to understand how education is culturally conditioned and why we need to shift it to another gear – that of unlearning through a weak pedagogy. An atheist, Fo suggests that thanks to Pope Luciani, we now could endear to the Holy Spirit as a spirito ridens, a spirit that laughs. Here one finds a kenotic sense that gives us a glimpse in how an ironic disposition owes its strength and effectiveness to a weak pedagogy. By dint of such weakness, the jester’s pedagogical disposition becomes a form of resistance, exiting the Court in order to be with the people and consequently transformed by the people.

scholarly journals Pentakostalisme dan Aksi Sosial: Analisis Struktural Kisah Para Rasul 2:41-47

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Yushak Soesilo
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Pentecostal Movement ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
Pentecostal Churches ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract. The Pentecostal Movement is a Christian movement that puts the power and work of the Holy Spirit at the first place. This movement sought to bring back the biblical Christianity as experienced by the early church. As the early church experienced a rapid growth of new souls, so it is with today's Pentecostal churches. The problem that arises is often in the effort to win the soul there is a dichotomy between power ministry, as emphasized by the Pentecostal movement, with social action. Some churches emphasize only one aspect of the ministry. Through a structural analysis approach to Acts 2: 41-47 the researcher seeks to find the ideal formulation in an attempt to win souls as in the experience of the early church. Through this approach the result is that the power ministry and social action must be carried out by the church at the same time and in balance that ultimately make the effort to win souls effectively.Abstrak. Gerakan Pentakostalisme adalah gerakan orang Kristen yang mengutamakan kuasa dan karya Roh Kudus. Gerakan ini berusaha untuk mengembalikan kekristenan yang Alkibiah sebagaimana yang dialami oleh gereja mula-mula. Sebagaimana gereja mula-mula yang mengalami pertumbuhan jiwa baru yang pesat, demikian halnya dengan gereja-gereja Pentakosta masa kini yang juga mengalaminya. Permasalahan yang muncul adalah seringkali dalam usaha untuk memenangkan jiwa ada dikotomi antara pelayanan dengan kuasa, sebagaimana yang ditekankan oleh gerakan Pentakostalisme, dengan aksi sosial. Beberapa gereja menekankan hanya pada satu segi dari pelayanan tersebut. Melalui pendekatan analisis struktural terhadap Kisah Para Rasul 2:41-47 peneliti hendak mencari formulasi yang ideal dalam usaha untuk memenangkan jiwa sebagaimana pengalaman gereja mula-mula. Melalui pendekatan tersebut diperoleh hasil bahwa pelayanan kuasa dan aksi sosial harus dijalankan oleh gereja secara bersamaan dan seimbang yang pada akhirnya membuat usaha untuk memenangkan jiwa berlangsung secara efektif.

Exercised Bodies, Impulsive Bibles

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas L. Winiarski
Keyword(s):  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Spirit Possession ◽  
The Body ◽  
Birth Experience ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
New Birth ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
Biblical Texts ◽  
Surprising Discovery

George Whitefield’s innovative doctrine of the Holy Spirit as an indwelling principle proved to be a perplexing issue for may Congregationalists. Part 3 tells the story of one man’s struggle to discern its presence in the body of a young Boston revival convert named Martha Robinson. Through a close inspection of physical signs and verbal utterances, Hartford magistrate Joseph Pitkin found that Robinson’s body had been alternately conscripted by Satan and the Holy Spirit. His surprising discovery positions the phenomenon of ecstatic Spirit possession at the heart of the Whitefieldian new birth experience. During the revivals of the 1740s, New Englanders learned to associate the descent of the Holy Spirit with exercised bodies, impulsive biblical texts, and unusual visionary phenomena.

Darkness Falls on the Land of Light

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas L. Winiarski
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
New England ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Popular Religion ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Religious Experiences ◽  
Lay Piety ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
History Of ◽  
Traditional Authorities

This sweeping history of popular religion in eighteenth-century New England examines the experiences of ordinary men and women living through extraordinary times. Drawing on an unprecedented quantity of letters, diaries, and testimonies, Douglas Winiarski recovers the pervasive and vigorous lay piety of the early eighteenth century. George Whitefield’s preaching tour of 1740 called into question the fundamental assumptions of this thriving religious culture. Incited by Whitefield and fascinated by miraculous gifts of the Holy Spirit—visions, bodily fits, and sudden conversions—countless New Englanders broke ranks with family, neighbors, and ministers who dismissed their religious experiences as delusive enthusiasm. The new converts of the so-called Great Awakening, the progenitors of today’s evangelical movement, bitterly assaulted the Congregational establishment. Conflict transformed inclusive parishes into exclusive networks of combative spiritual seekers. Then as now, evangelicalism emboldened ordinary people to question traditional authorities. Their challenge shattered whole communities.

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