Intolerance toward Nineteenth-Century Religious Groups

Intolerance of a wide range of religious groups in the nineteenth century often was marked by violence. Targets included Shakers, African American religious communities, Methodists, Millerites/Adventists, and the Church of Christ, Scientist. Such groups typically were outside of a middle-class, historically well-established white Protestant denominational family in America. Mob violence against such groups occurred repeatedly. State constitutions prohibited non-believers from holding public office.

The Church Missionary Society and Architecture in the Mission Field: Evangelical Anglican Perspectives on Church Building Abroad, c. 1850-1900

Architectural History ◽

10.1017/s0066622x0000263x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 58 ◽

pp. 197-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Emily Turner

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Church Of England ◽

Central Place ◽

Infrastructure Development ◽

Gothic Revival ◽

Wide Range ◽

Church Building ◽

Church Missionary Society ◽

Architectural Development ◽

The Gothic Revival occupies a central place in the architectural development of the Church of England in the nineteenth century, both at home and abroad. Within the expanding British colonial world, in particular, the neo-Gothic church became a centrally important expression of both faith and identity throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. From a symbolic and communicative perspective, the style represented not only a visual link to Britain, but also the fundamental expression of the Church of England as an institution and of the culture of Englishness. As such, it carried with it a wide range of cultural implications that suited the needs of settler communities wishing to re-established their identity abroad. Expansion during this period, however, was not only limited to the growth of settler communities but was also reflected in growing Anglican missions to the non-Christian peoples of annexed territories. The two primary organs of the Church of England in the field, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) and the Church Missionary Society (CMS), actively employed the revived medieval style throughout the Empire as missions were solidified through infrastructure development. As a popular style with direct connotations to the Christian faith, revived medieval design became increasingly popular with Anglican missionaries abroad in the period between the early 1840s and the end of the century. Not only did its origins in ecclesiastical buildings make it attractive, but it was also stylistically distinctive, and set apart as a sacred style from both secular and ‘heathen’ structures.

Joseph Milner and his Editors: Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Evangelicals and the Christian Past

The Journal of Ecclesiastical History ◽

10.1017/s0022046917000744 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 86-104 ◽

Author(s):

PAUL GUTACKER

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

English Language ◽

Church History ◽

Church Of Christ ◽

Historical Narratives ◽

Religious Identities ◽

History Of ◽

Joseph Milner's ‘History of the Church of Christ’ (1794–1809) was the most popular English-language church history for half a century, yet it remains misunderstood by many historians. This paper argues that Milner's Evangelical interpretation of church history subverted Protestant historiographical norms. By prioritising conversion over doctrinal precision, and celebrating the piety of select medieval Catholics, Milner undermined the historical narratives that undergirded Protestant exceptionalism. As national religious identities became increasingly contested in the 1820s and 1830s, this subversive edge was blunted by publishers who edited the ‘History’ to be less favourable toward pre-Reformation Christianity.

‘A Peril to the Bench of Bishops’: Sisterhoods and Episcopal Authority in the Church of England, 1845–1908

The Journal of Ecclesiastical History ◽

10.1017/s0022046906008165 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 62-78 ◽

Author(s):

SUSAN MUMM

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Church Of England ◽

Religious Communities ◽

Church Hierarchy ◽

The Church ◽

Episcopal Authority

This paper reflects on the uncomfortable relationship between gender, religion, authority and influence in the Victorian Church of England, using the example of the ecclesiastical response to the rise of Anglican religious communities for women in the second half of the nineteenth century. Anglican sisterhoods occupied equivocal and disputed space within the Victorian Church of England, proclaiming their loyalty to the Church but unfettered by any ecclesiastical legislation or tradition that would have compelled them to obey the bishops. In a society that assumed that obedience to lawful authority was a natural attribute of godly women, their ambiguous and improvised relationship with the church hierarchy created enormous tension as well as considerable hostility.

Missionaries, the Monarchy, and the Emergence of Anglican Pluralism in the 1960s and 1970s

Journal of British Studies ◽

10.1017/jbr.2018.83 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 543-563 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel S. Loss

Keyword(s):

Religious Communities ◽

British Society ◽

Religious Groups ◽

Political Role ◽

Late Twentieth ◽

New Vision ◽

1960S And 1970S ◽

The 1960S ◽

Late Twentieth Century ◽

AbstractIn the late twentieth century, a new justification for the Church of England's establishment emerged: the church played an important social and political role in safeguarding the interests of other religious communities, including non-Christian ones. The development of this new vision of communal pluralism was shaped by two groups often seen as marginal in postwar British society: the royal family and missionaries. Elizabeth II and liberal evangelicals associated with the Church Missionary Society contributed to a new conception of religious pluralism centered on the integrity of the major world religions as responses to the divine. There were, therefore, impulses towards inclusion as well as exclusion in post-imperial British society. In its focus on religious communities, however, this communal pluralism risked overstating the homogeneity of religious groups and failing to protect individuals whose religious beliefs and practices differed from those of the mainstream of their religious communities.

Division and cohesion in the nineteenth-century middle class: the case of Ipswich, 1830–1870

Urban History ◽

10.1017/s0963926800008555 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 42-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Philip Hills

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Middle Class ◽

Political Party ◽

Class Formation ◽

Income Groups ◽

Wide Range ◽

Long Time ◽

Class Power ◽

The Subject

For a long time historians saw the increased wealth, numbers and power of British manufacturers, merchants and professionals as simply an inevitable part of the process of industrialization. As a result the formation of the class seemed to require no further exploration. More recently interest in the middle class has increased and much closer attention has been given to specific dimensions. It seems evident from this work that any analysis of the middle class faces a number of problems. Firstly, that of definition. There was a wide range of status and income groups within the middle class. What criteria of wealth and occupation should be used, how important is it to fix upper and lower boundaries for the class, how are questions of lifestyle and attitudes to be gauged? Secondly, there were certain divisions within groups who can reasonably be considered middle class by any criteria. Above all, we must note that there was no distinctive middle-class political party and differences were as deeply felt in politics as were antagonisms between Anglicans and Nonconformists in religion. In view of such diversities is it possible to speak of the middle class and, if so, what does class formation and unity consist of? What levels of unity allow or inhibit class power? This is the subject of my overall research, of which only a glimpse can be given here.

The Altar and the Rail: “Catholicity” and African American Inclusion in the 19th Century Episcopal Church

Religions ◽

10.3390/rel12040224 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 224

Author(s):

Jennifer Snow

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

African American ◽

19Th Century ◽

Point Of View ◽

Racially Diverse ◽

Episcopal Church ◽

White Allies ◽

History Of ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Examining the denominational history of The Episcopal Church from the point of view of mission shifts the view of the church’s nature and its most important figures. These become those people who struggled to overcome boundaries of race, culture, and geography in extending the church’s reach and incorporating new people into it, and puts issues of racial relationships at the forefront of the church’s story, rather than as an aside. White Episcopalians from the 1830s forward were focused heavily on the meaning of “catholicity” in terms of liturgical and sacramental practice, clerical privilege, and the centrality of the figure of the Bishop to the validity of the church, in increasingly tense and conflicted debates that have been traced by multiple scholars. However, the development of catholicity as a strategic marker of missional thinking, particularly in the context of a racially diverse church, has not been examined. The paper investigates the ways in which Black Episcopalians and their white allies used the theological ideal of catholicity creatively and strategically in the nineteenth century, both responding to a particular missional history and contending that missional success depended upon true catholicity.

Hagia Sophia as Mosque: Opinions and Perspectives

Islam in the modern world ◽

10.22311/2074-1529-2020-16-3-177-188 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 177-188

Author(s):

M. S. Shavrina

Keyword(s):

Religious Organizations ◽

Religious Communities ◽

Actual Existence ◽

Constructive Dialogue ◽

Wide Range ◽

The World ◽

The Status ◽

Hagia Sophia ◽

Further Development ◽

The article analyzes the discourse on changing the status of Hagia Sophia Museum (The Church of Hagia Sophia) in Istanbul. The research is based on a wide range of sources, including offi cial documents of international, public and religious organizations. The article presents the main participants’ positions in the discussion, refl ecting diff erent approaches to evaluating the transformation of Hagia Sophia Museum into a mosque. The author concludes that the important step towards a constructive dialogue is to seek opportunities for involving representatives of the world and international religious communities in the work of collegial platforms operating within the country. In the future, such initiatives will help to provide a wide and open fi eld for discussion of the actual existence and further development of Hagia Sophia in the new conditions.

Henry Boynton Smith and Church History in Nineteenth-Century America

Church History ◽

10.1017/s0009640716000019 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

pp. 302-327 ◽

Author(s):

Annette G. Aubert

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Church History ◽

Church Of Christ ◽

Central Position ◽

Nineteenth Century America ◽

German Education ◽

History Of ◽

History Of Doctrine ◽

American Society ◽

Henry Boynton Smith (1815–1877) was one of the few nineteenth-century American scholars committed to disseminating German methods of ecclesiastical historiography to a country known for its anti-historical tendencies. However, modern scholars have generally overlooked his significant contributions in this area. Hence exploring his scholarly reception and specifically his History of the Church of Christ, in Chronological Tables will fill a niche in the historiography of church history.Philip Schaff (1819–1893), the renowned church historian and founder of the American Society of Church History, was one of the few contemporaries of Smith who understood that Smith's scholarship was on a par with that being produced in Germany. Schaff specifically praised Smith's chronological tables—evidence of Smith's German education among some of the best German historians of the period, including Leopold von Ranke and August Neander. This essay reviews Smith's History of the Church of Christ, in Chronological Tables in the context of the newly emerging scientific history and describes his contribution to nineteenth-century American scholarship. Smith is worthy of attention for establishing a central position for the history of doctrine and for promoting the field of church history and the use of chronological tables in nineteenth-century America.

Expressing friendship in letters: Conventionality and sincerity in the multilingual correspondence of nineteenth-century Catholic churchmen

Multilingua ◽

10.1515/multi-2018-0133 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 33-58

Author(s):

Francesco De Toni

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Letter Writing ◽

Religious Communities ◽

Religious Groups ◽

Cultural Scripts ◽

Self Disclosure ◽

History Of ◽

European Standards ◽

The Relationship ◽

Modern Era

AbstractThe relationship between the polite and conventional nature of friendly language and the sincerity of the writer’s feelings is a central topic in linguistic and historical research on friendship in epistolary communication. This relationship can be understood in the context of the emotional values and conventionalised emotional practices that characterise the writer’s emotional community.The language of friendship has a significant role in the history of letter writing in religious communities. However, epistolary and emotional practices among religious groups in the modern era remain a rather unexplored filed of research. In this regard, the nineteenth century is of particular interest, as it saw the consolidation of sincerity as a central notion in European standards of letter writing.Bringing together historical pragmatics and the history of emotions, this paper describes the forms and functions of sincerity in the negotiation of friendships between nineteenth-century Catholic churchmen. The article analyses a corpus of letters in Italian and Spanish from the multilingual correspondence of European Benedictine missionaries in Australia between the 1850s and the 1890s. The results of the analysis show that sincerity and emotional self-disclosure, while dependent on the pragmatic conventions of letter writing, belonged to cross-linguistic cultural scripts typical of religious communities.

Religion and Social Class: Theory and Method after Bourdieu

Sociological Research Online ◽

10.5153/sro.4247 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 161-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Andrew Mckinnon

Keyword(s):

Social Class ◽

Church Of England ◽

Religious Communities ◽

Religious Groups ◽

Class Theory ◽

Theoretical Approaches ◽

Starting Point ◽

Different Types ◽

The Church ◽

Insight Into

This article outlines two inter-related but distinct theoretical approaches to the study of Christianity and Social Class developed from the work of Pierre Bourdieu. The first is a model derived from Distinction (Bourdieu [1979] 1984), the second comes from Bourdieu's work on religious fields with a focus on the conversion of capital between different fields. The former, better known, approach has the potential to provide important insights, including identifying the affinity of different religious groups with different class locations; on the other hand, this would tell us little about the internal workings of religious communities; it is also unfortunately hampered by a lack of suitable data. The conception of fields and their inter-relations will not answer the questions about the affinity of particular class fragments for particular kinds of religiosity, but it does provide much keener insight into the operation of class within religious communities, by examining the conversion of different types of capital into religious capital. This is illustrated with an extended Bourdieusian hypothesis, a schematic outline that could be used as the starting point for empirical research on the operation of different kinds of capital in the Church of England.