scholarly journals Romantická žárlivost u heterosexuálních a homosexuálních jedinců z pohledu evoluční psychologie

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Kateřina Potyszová ◽  
◽  
Klára Bártová
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Sexual Infidelity ◽  
Emotional Involvement ◽  
Romantic Jealousy ◽  
Emotional Infidelity ◽  
Sexual Jealousy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Certainty Of Paternity

Jealousy is defined as one of the most common automatic responses to endangering a relationship by a third party, and in evolutionary psychology it has the function of maximizing self-reproduction fitness, ensuring paternity security in men, and maintaining partner's resources in women. These include romantic jealousy, in men assuring certainty of paternity, and in women assuring the maintenance of partner's resources. Thus, according to this logic, a woman’s sexual infidelity should be more threatening for men and a man’s emotional infidelity (emotional involvement with other women than a primary partner) should be more threatening for women. Many previous studies confirm the existence of sex differences in jealousy; men reporting a higher level of sexual jealousy and women reporting a higher level of emotional jealousy. On the contrary, studies of romantic jealousy in homosexual individuals show inconsistent results. Some studies suggest that the type of sexual and emotional jealousy does not depend on the sex of the individual who is jealous, but rather on the sex of the partner or the sex of the rival. Therefore, the aim of this review is to introduce romantic jealousy from an evolutionary perspective and to acquaint the reader with current knowledge of the study of cognitive, emotional and behavioral aspects of romantic jealousy in heterosexual and homosexual men and women.

Men's Desire for Children Carrying Their Genes and Sexual Jealousy: A Test of Paternity Uncertainty as an Explanation of Male Sexual Jealousy

2005 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene W. Mathes
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Sexual Infidelity ◽  
Desire For Children ◽  
Emotional Infidelity ◽  
Sexual Jealousy ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Women College Students ◽  
Paternity Uncertainty ◽  
Psychology Courses

In a classic study, Buss, Larson, Westen, and Semmelroth found that men were more distressed by the thought of a partner's sexual infidelity (labeled sexual jealousy) and women were more distressed by the thought of a partner's emotional infidelity (labeled emotional jealousy). Buss and his associates explained the results by suggesting that men are concerned about uncertainty of paternity, that is, the possibility of raising another man's child while believing that the child is their own. To test this explanation, the Desire for Children Scale was created. Its internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities were .86 and .89, respectively. Scores correlate with stated Number of Children Desired (convergent validity) but none of the Big-Five traits (divergent validity). It was hypothesized that for men scores on this scale would correlate positively with scores on sexual jealousy. The Desire for Children Scale and the two Sexual vs Emotional Jealousy items of Buss and his associates were given to 49 men and 55 women college students enrolled in psychology courses. Their average age was 19.9 yr. ( SD = 3.7), and average year in school was 2.0 ( SD= 1.2). Subjects volunteered to participate in the study in exchange for course credit. The hypothesis was confirmed and gives support to the uncertainty of paternity explanation.

scholarly journals Heterosexual couples and homosexual rivals: Sex differences in romantic jealousy when the rival is the same sex as your partner

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Voracek ◽  
Jeff Ward ◽  
Phoebe Proudfoot
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Heterosexual Couples ◽  
Sexual Infidelity ◽  
Testing Strategy ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Romantic Jealousy ◽  
Sexual Jealousy ◽  
Heterosexual Women

Research testing hypotheses derived from evolutionary psychology about sex differences in romantic jealousy has been hampered by a confirmationist hypothesis testing strategy. We report three studies conducted in Austria and Australia that employ a conditional hypothesis testing strategy to investigate variations in sex differences in jealousy under different relationship conditions, namely opposite-sex and same-sex infidelity among heterosexual individuals. In Study 1, heterosexual women found a same-sex sexual infidelity more aversive than heterosexual men did, and this difference persisted after adjusting for other likely predictors of this difference. In Studies 2 and 3, enhanced sexual jealousy in heterosexual men was not observed when the rival was the same sex as his partner. This effect was reversed for women, who were more distressed by sexual versus emotional infidelity when the rival was the same sex as her partner. An explanation for this set of findings, based on sex differences in sexual and attachment motivation, is proposed.

Sex Differences in Jealousy in Evolutionary and Cultural Perspective: Tests From the Netherlands, Germany, and the United States

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bram P. Buunk ◽  
Alois Angleitner ◽  
Viktor Oubaid ◽  
David M. Buss
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Infidelity ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Psychological Model ◽  
Emotional Infidelity ◽  
Sexual Jealousy

As predicted by models derived from evolutionary psychology, men within the United States have been shown to exhibit greater psychological and physiological distress to sexual than to emotional infidelity of their partner, and women have been shown to exhibit more distress to emotional than to sexual infidelity Because cross-cultural tests are critical for evolutionary hypotheses, we examined these sex differences in three parallel studies conducted in the Netherlands (N = 207), Germany (N = 200), and the United States (N = 224) Two key findings emerged First, the sex differences in sexual jealousy are robust across these cultures, providing support for the evolutionary psychological model Second, the magnitude of the sex differences varies somewhat across cultures—large for the United States, medium for Germany and the Netherlands Discussion focuses on the evolutionary psychology of jealousy and on the sensitivity of sex differences in the sexual sphere to cultural input

Marital Status as a Candidate Moderator Variable of Male–Female Differences in Sexual Jealousy: The Need for Representative Population Samples

2001 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Voracek
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sexual Infidelity ◽  
Moderator Variable ◽  
Emotional Infidelity ◽  
Sexual Jealousy ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Eastern Austria

Evolutionary psychological theories predict pronounced and universal male–female differences in sexual jealousy. Recent cross-cultural research, using the forced-choice jealousy items pioneered by Buss, et al., 1992, repeatedly found a large sex differential on these self-report measures: men significantly more often than women choose their mate's imagined sexual infidelity to be more distressing or upsetting to them than an imagined emotional infidelity. However, this body of evidence is solely based on undergraduate samples and does not take into account demographic factors. This study examined male–female differences in sexual jealousy in a community sample ( N = 335, Eastern Austria). Within a logistic regression model, with other variables controlled for, marital status was a stronger predictor for sexual jealousy than respondents' sex. Contrary to previous research, the sex differential's effect size was only modest. These findings stress the pitfalls of prematurely generalizing evidence from undergraduate samples to the general population and the need for representative population samples in this research area.

Relationship between Short-Term Sexual Strategies and Sexual Jealousy

2005 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene W. Mathes
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Infidelity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sexual Strategies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women Subjects ◽  
Emotional Infidelity ◽  
Sexual Jealousy

In a classic study, Buss, Larson, Westen, and Semmelroth reported that men were more distressed by the thought of a partner's sexual infidelity (sexual jealousy) and women were more distressed by the thought of a partner's emotional infidelity (emotional jealousy). Initially, Buss and his associates explained these results by suggesting that men are concerned about uncertainty of paternity, that is, the possibility of raising another man's child while believing the child is their own. However, later they explained the results in terms of men's preference for short-term sexual strategies. The purpose of this research was to test the explanation of short-term sexual strategies. Men and women subjects were instructed to imagine themselves in a relationship which was either short-term (primarily sexual) or long-term (involving commitment) and then respond to Buss's jealousy items. It was hypothesized that, when both men and women imagined a short-term relationship, they would be more threatened by a partner's sexual infidelity, and, when they imagined a long-term relationship, they would be more threatened by a partner's emotional infidelity. Support was found for this hypothesis.

scholarly journals What feeds the green-eyed monster: sociodemographic and sociosexual determinants of jealousy

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Ivana Hromatko ◽  
Marta Fajfarić ◽  
Meri Tadinac
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Continuous Measure ◽  
Sexual Infidelity ◽  
Emotional Infidelity ◽  
Sexual Jealousy ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Heterosexual Women ◽  
Context Specific

Although studies consistently show gender differences in emotional vs. sexual jealousy, a substantial part of variance in jealousy is left unexplained. Here, we present two studies with aim to explore other correlates of jealousy, aside from gender. In the first online study (n = 2970), we found that participants who reported being more upset by the emotional infidelity scenario were older and more educated and had a higher income than those who reported being more upset by the sexual infidelity scenario. Those who expressed greater sexual jealousy gave higher ratings of importance of potential partner's mate value. Heterosexual women were more likely to report emotional jealousy than non-heterosexual women. Among men, sexual orientation did not predict type of jealousy. As the role of reproductive status was largely neglected in previous research, in the second study, we used a continuous measure to explore jealousy as a function of age (reproductive vs. post-reproductive; n = 199). We found that the older participants were less jealous overall, and that the previously reported gender differences disappeared in the post-reproductive group. These results provide further support for the notion that jealousy is a context-specific, adaptive response, which diminishes in both intensity and specificity as the threat that it was designed for wanes.

Jealousy is influenced by sex and sexual orientation of the individual, and sex of the rival: Evidence from Brazil, Chile and Portugal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslava Varella Valentova ◽  
Ana Maria Fernandez ◽  
Marco Antonio Correa Varella
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Male Partner ◽  
Relationship Maintenance ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Bisexual Men ◽  
Sexual Infidelity ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Sexual Jealousy ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
The Individual

Jealousy promotes relationship maintenance by reducing partners’ extra-pair liaisons. On average, men report higher distress about their partner’s sexual infidelity, while women show higher emotional jealousy. These sex differences are specific to heterosexuals, and to contexts with potential reproductive costs. Here we tested the effect of sex and sexual orientation of the individual, sex of the partner and of a potential rival on sexual versus emotional jealousy. In total, 416 heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual men and 1328 women from Brazil, Chile and Portugal responded the Sexual vs Emotional Jealousy Scale, and they ranked distress of four imaginative scenarios: sexual or emotional relationship of the partner with a male or a female rival. To test for effect of partners’ sex, bisexual individuals responded twice, about a female and about a male partner. Heterosexual men reported higher sexual jealousy than the other groups. Individuals were most preoccupied with their partner's emotional relationship with rival of the same sex as the respondent. Compared to other groups, heterosexual men and women were the most preoccupied with sexual infidelity. Bisexual individuals did not show any systematic differences in their jealousy type with respect to the sex of their imagined partner. Thus, jealousy is not influenced only by sex and sexual orientation of the individuals, but also by sex of the rivals: same-sex rivals are perceived as the biggest threat. Besides being a strategy to maintain a primary relationship, jealousy can also be a specific intrasexual competition strategy.

Evidence for conditional sex differences in emotional but not in sexual jealousy at the automatic level of cognitive processing

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Penke ◽  
Jens B. Asendorpf
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Sexual Infidelity ◽  
Emotional Infidelity ◽  
Sexual Jealousy ◽  
Sociocultural Environment ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
Decision Speed

The two evolutionary psychological hypotheses that men react more jealous than women to sexual infidelity and women react more jealous than men to emotional infidelity are currently controversial because of apparently inconsistent results. We suggest that these inconsistencies can be resolved when the two hypotheses are evaluated separately and when the underlying cognitive processes are considered. We studied jealousy with forced‐choice decisions and emotion ratings in a general population sample of 284 adults aged 20–30 years using six infidelity dilemmas and recordings of reaction times. The sex difference for emotional jealousy existed for decisions under cognitive constraint, was also evident in the decision speed, increased for faster decisions, and was stronger for participants with lower education. No evidence for a sex difference in sexual jealousy was found. Our results support the view of a specific female sensitivity to emotional infidelity that canalizes the development of an adaptive sex difference in emotional jealousy conditional to the sociocultural environment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Colorants in plastic applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Pfaff
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Important Application ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Plastic Type ◽  
Printing Inks ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Plastics Processing ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThis review article is a summary of the current knowledge in the field of plastic coloring. Plastics belong as well as paints, coatings, printing inks, and cosmetic formulations to the most important application systems for colorants, both for pigments and dyes. Colorants have to meet increasing demands in plastic applications due to the growing number of polymers with specific properties. Crucial factors besides the plastic type are the processing method and the required fastness level. Among the most important polymers for coloring with pigments and dyes are polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyester, and elastomers. Different processing methods are used for coloring of the individual plastics. The coloring processes need to be coordinated in accordance with the steps of the plastics processing leading to the final product.

scholarly journals Reinsurance of Third Party Motor Insurance and Motor Insurance in Finland

1962 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teivo Pentikäinen
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Lump Sum ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Physical Injuries ◽  
Insurance Cover ◽  
Motor Insurance ◽  
Full Compensation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Risk Limits

The need and extent of reinsurance of third party motor insurance depends fundamentally on the risk limits prescribed in the legislation of the country in question (and on the other hand the legal limits of the compulsory insurance may have been fixed with regard to the reasonable possibilities of the insurers getting reinsurance). There are two kinds of risk limits which are applied in different countries: total limits and individual limits. The former defines the maximum joint indemnity for an accident, paid to all claiments together, and the latter defines the maximum indemnity paid to each claiment separately. From the social point of view limits of this sort are not expedient, especially in regard to physical injuries. Owing to this total limit the indemnity for a single claiment can depend on the number of other claiments, which is quite inadequate from the point of view of the actual need to get insurance cover for injuries. The individual lump sum limit allows full compensation for slight injuries but can cut down the compensation for serious ones, which is an irrational method of settling an indemnity system. Owing to these risk limits motor car drivers may also be held responsible for the extra claims personally on the basis of civil (or criminal) law, which compels them to take an extra third party liability insurance (which often also has risk limits).

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