scholarly journals The Effects of Energy Intake During late Pregnancy on Lamb Birth Weights and Lactation of Nigerian Dwarf Sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-161
Author(s):  
I. F. Adu ◽  
E. A. Olaloku ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Daily Intakes

EIGHTEEN Nigerian Dwarf ewe lambs about eight months of age and weighing between 15 and 20 kg were divided into three groups, A, B, and C, and fed diets supplying 75, 100 and 125% of the ARC energy standards (1965) from the 15th week of pregnancy through lactation. Mean daily intakes during the last seven weeks of pregnancy were: dry matter 569, 748 and 826g: digestible organic matter 260, 496 and 593; and calculated metabolizable energy 0.99, 1.81 and 2.16 Mcal for groups A, B and respectively. The daily intakes during lactation were: 660, 748 and 857g of dry matter; 287, 593 and 690g of digestible organic matter and 1.05, 2.16 and 2.51 Mcal of calculated metabolizable energy for groups A, B and C respectively. Mean daily liveweight gains during the last seven weeks of pregnancy were 14.2, 99.0 and 90.0g and during lactation — 43.0, 7.9 and 10.4g for groups A, B and respectively, the differences being highly significant (P <0.01). Mean birth weights of lambs were 1.18, 1.78 and 1.82kg for groups A, B and C respectively, the differences not being significant. Weight gains of lambs were highly significantly correlated with milk yield of their ewes. During a 10-week lactation period the differences in milk yields were highly significant between groups, with average daily yields of 312, 480 and 533g, for A, B and respectively. Peak yields were 481, 697 and 670 g for the respective groups between the second and third weeks of lactation. The mean values for milk composition were: fat, which remained relatively constant throughout lactation, 6.00, 6.36 and 6.40%; protein 4.82, 5.63 and 5.78%; lactose 4.15, 4.30 and 4.34%; total solids, which showed no definite trends during lactation, 15.98, 16.88 and 16.95%; and gross energy, which decreased with advancing lactation, 6.12, 6.18 and 6.38kcal/g for groups A, B and C respectively, the differences not being significant.

The effect of different proportions of hay and fortified rolled barley in the diet on digestible-energy value and urinary-energy excretion by cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentrate Treatment

SUMMARYA 6 x 6 Latin Square balance experiment was carried out using six Friesian steers, each of which initially weighed about 304 kg. The six treatments studied were an all-hay diet and five other diets containing 20,40,60,80 and 100 % of rolled barley fortified with mineral and vitamin supplements, accompanied by correspondingly reduced proportions of hay. Each diet was fed at an estimated maintenance level of feeding.The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in both digestible and calculated metabolizable energy. The actual increase in digestible energy was from 2·62Mcal/kg dry matter (59·3% of the gross energy) on the all-hay treatment to 3·42 Mcal/kg dry matter (79·5% of the gross energy) on the all-concentrate treatment. Use of the determined digestible energy values for the all-hay and fortified barley diets to calculate the digestible energy of the four mixed diets gave results in reasonably good agreement with the determined values, the maximum difference being 0·12 Mcal/kg dry matter, which represented 3·83 % of the determined value. The losses of energy in the urine expressed as percentages of the gross energy of the diets showed a small but significantly linear decrease (P < 0·01) with increase in proportion of barley in the diet. The molar proportions of steamvolatile acids in samples of rumen fluid taken from two animals on each treatment indicated that increase in the proportion of concentrate was associated with tendencies for increase in acetic acid, decrease in propionic acid and little change in butyric acid. The mean digestibility of the organic matter was 62·6 % on the all-hay treatment and 81·8 % on the all concentrate treatment. The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in digestibility of the organic matter. Although intakes of nitrogen decreased with increase in the proportion of concentrate due to a decrease in the amount of dry matter fed, the weights of nitrogen retained were well maintained and when expressed as percentages of intake showed a significantly linear increase (P < 0·01).

The voluntary intake by cattle of four silages differing in dry matter content

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Jackson ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Daily Intakes

SUMMARYHerbage from the same timothy/meadow fescue/white clover sward was ensiled at four different dry matter contents. The resulting silages had dry matter contents of 19·0, 27·3, 32·3 and 43·2%, the dry matter content increasing with the length of the wilting period. An experiment was carried out to determine the voluntary intake of the silages. Each silage was given to 7 animals individually, the mean live weight of these being 334 kg.Although the silages made from wilted herbage were lower in digestibility than that made from unwilted herbage, wilting increased dry matter intake and metabolizable energy (ME) intake. The mean daily intakes of digestible organic matter were 53·0, 58·1, 59·6 and 59·6 g/kgW0·73, for silages of increasing dry matter content. The corresponding ME intakes, expressed as a multiple of the ME requirement for maintenance, were 1·17, 1·29, 1·30 and 1·28. The percentage of acetic acid in the silage dry matter was significantly (r= −0·56) and linearly related to voluntary intake. The relationship between lactic acid concentration and voluntary intake was significantly curvilinear (r= 0·48).

Influence of clipping regime and silage quality on the performance of pregnant and lactating ewes

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 55-55
Author(s):  
Heather J Black ◽  
D H B Chestnutt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Silage Quality ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Additional Influence ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

Winter clipping of breeding ewes has given variable increases in lamb birth weight associated mainly with increased ewe voluntary food intake (Rutter, Laird and Broadbent, 1972; Vipond, King, Inglis and Hunter, 1987). The requirement for energy is greatest during the last six weeks of pregnancy but increasing uterine occupation of rumen volume may limit the ewe's ability to increase intake after clipping in late pregnancy. The additional influence of forage quality on intake after clipping is not clear. The present experiment was designed to study the independent and interacting effects of clipping regime and silage quality on lambing performance.Sixty Greyface ewes of uniform age were individually penned 14 weeks before lambing. Precision chop silage offered ad libitum was either early cut [188.3 g dry matter (DM)/kg, 155.7 g crude protein (CP)/kg DM, 740 g digestible organic matter (DOM)/kg DM] or late cut (184.5 g DM/kg, 100.9 g CP/kg DM, 689 g DOM/kg DM). For all treatments concentrate feeding was introduced 7 weeks before lambing, on an increasing scale to provide a total of 21 kg/ewe. Silage type was factorially arranged with 6 clipping regimes.

Effect of degradability of protein supplements on voluntary intake and nitrogen retention in young cattle fed grass silage

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gill ◽  
P. England
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Gross Energy

ABSTRACTGrass silage was offered ad libitum to twelve 4-month-old British Friesian steers in an incomplete Latin-square experiment. The silage was given either alone or supplemented isonitrogenously with 50 g fish meal or 63 g groundnut meal per kg silage dry matter.Both protein supplements significantly increased the intakes of dry matter and organic matter by an amount about equivalent to the (calculated) contribution of the supplement (P < 0·05); they also increased the intakes of digestible organic matter and nitrogen (P < 0·001) but with no significant difference between supplements. Protein supplementation had no effect on the intake of indigestible organic matter.The digestibility coefficients of dry matter and of organic matter were significantly increased by supplementation (P < 0·05) as were the digestibility coefficients of gross energy and of nitrogen (P < 0·001). Nitrogen retention was also increased from 1·4 to 8·2 g/day (P < 0·001), with no significant difference between supplements.

Maize silage for milk production: The influence of concentrate supplementation and the effect of adding urea or ammonia before feeding

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aston ◽  
S. R. Daley ◽  
J. C. Tayler
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

ABSTRACT1. Thirty lactating British Friesian heifers and cows were individually given maize silage ad libitum containing 331 g dry matter/kg, 13 g nitrogen and 11·2 MJ of metabolizable energy per kg dry matter. Urea or aqueous ammonia was mixed in at the time of feeding to give 7·0 g nitrogen per kg silage dry matter. Urea-treated silage was given with concentrates at a high (mean 6·6 kg dry matter/day: treatment HU) or a low (mean 3·3 kg:treatment LU) level of feeding; the lower level only was given with ammonia-treated silage (treatment LA).2. The addition of ammonia raised silage pH values from 3·9 to 4·4. Silage dry-matter intakes in lactation weeks 7 to 22 for treatments HU, LU and LA were 8·8, 11·1 and 10·7 kg/day.3. Digestible organic matter content in the dry matter of the diets measured in vivo was not significantly affected by treatment. However, digestible organic matter intakes were significantly greater for treatment HU than for LU in weeks 7 to 10, and for LU than for LA in weeks 11 to 22.4. The yields of milk and the contents of protein, lactose and energy did not differ between treatments. The milk yields for treatments HU, LU and LA in weeks 7 to 22 were 20·2,19·2, 18·8 kg/day respectively. Fat content of milk was significantly depressed with the HU treatment for heifers in weeks 7 to 10. The live-weight changes of the cows in weeks 7 to 22 for treatments HU, LU and LA were +0·10, −0·07 and −0·37 kg/day; the live-weight loss by cows given treatment LA was significantly greater than for LU. The live-weight change of the heifers was not affected by treatment.

The effects of grazing intensity on herbage consumption and animal production: III. Dairy cows grazed at two intensities on clean or contaminated pasture

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh ◽  
G. W. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Carbohydrate Contents

SUMMARYOn three occasions in May—July one half of a ryegrass pasture was grazed intensively by cattle and the other was mown. In August and September these areas, designated fouled (F) and clean (C) respectively, were each strip-grazed by two groups of five cows. One group on each area had a herbage allowance of 11·4 kg dry matter per cow per day (C11 and F11) and the other 20·4 kg (C20 and F20).Before the August-September grazing the fouled area had 2·8% of its surface covered by faeces. After this grazing 23 % of the F n area and 34 % of the F20 area were classified as having been rejected by the cows. However, the upper parts of the sward on these rejected areas were in fact grazed. There were only small differences in N and soluble-carbohydrate contents between the herbages offered and rejected.Organic-matter digestibility (%) and intake (kg/cow per day) for the four groups were: C11, 73·0 and 10·5; C20, 74·9 and 11·7; F11 , 74·4 and 9·6; F20, 77·0 and 10·6. The C11 cows consumed all the herbage allowed to them, but the F11 rejected 13%. Digestible organic matter intake was affected more by grazing intensity than by fouling; this was the case also for milk yield, milk composition and the live-weight change of the cows.

The effect of concentrate level on the intake of grass silages by ewes in late pregnancy

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Orr ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Concentrate Level

ABSTRACTIn two experiments, six silages were offered either alone or with constant daily levels of a barley-based concentrate (450 or 900 g fresh weight per ewe) to Finn Dorset ewes carrying between one and four foetuses in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy. The silages (SI to S3, experiment 1 and S4 to S6, experiment 2) had dry matter (DM) concentrations of 256, 190, 278 and 294, 216, 201 g/kg fresh weight and crude protein (CP) concentrations of 106, 164, 212 and 119, 148, 194 g/kg DM. Mean metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations of the silages (digestible energy × 0·81), in weeks 16 and 20, were 9·2, 10·3, 12·0 and 8·8, 10·9, 11·0 MJ/kg DM. Total ME intakes were 12·6, 13·5, 18·6 and 14·5, 15·1, 16·8 MJ/day in week 16 of gestation and were 11·6, 11·2, 17·2 and 12·2, 11·8, 13·3 MJ/day in week 20. Total ME intakes were increased by offering higher levels of concentrates and for levels of 0, 450 or 900 g/day these were 12·3, 14·8, 17·9 MJ/day in week 16 and 9·6, 12·8, 15·5 MJ/day in week 20. Intakes were similar for ewes carrying twins or multiples in experiment 1, but in experiment 2, intakes by ewes with twins or multiples were proportionately 0·97 and 0·85 of those for ewes with singles. Replacement rates of forage by concentrates were —0·09, —0·08, —0·60 and —0·06, —0·25, —0·38 g silage organic matter (OM) per g concentrates OM for silages SI to S3 and S4 to S6. Only on silage S6 did the replacement rate differ significantly from zero.

Cereal processing and food utilization by sheep. 3. The effect of replacing whole barley by whole oats on food utilization and firmness and composition of subcutaneous fat

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
W. R. H. Duncan ◽  
Constance A. Carnie
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Daily Intakes

SUMMARY1. Forty-eight early-weaned lambs were used in an experiment in which whole barley was gradually replaced by whole oats in order to produce different types of rumen fermentation.2. The type of rumen fermentation promoted by whole barley did not give rise to excessively soft fat in female lambs; in males, however, some carcasses were unacceptable. An increase in the proportion of propionic acid in the rumen liquor was associated with an increased proportion of odd- and branched-chain fatty acids and a decreased proportion of stearic acid in carcass fat. When the molar proportion of propionic acid in the rumen liquor was above 30%, three out of every five carcasses from the entire male lambs had excessively soft fat.3. Assessment of food utilization was complicated by lower daily intakes of digestible organic matter (DOM) when more than about 15% of barley was replaced by oats and also influenced by changes in gut contents. With 100% whole barley the mean gut fill was 4·7 kg while with 100% oats it was 9·4 kg.Assuming a maintenance requirement of 100 kcal metabolizable energy/kg0·75, it was calculated that the digestible organic matter of oats was utilized more efficiently than that of barley to produce empty-body gain. Most of the differences in utilization disappeared if an adjustment was made for differences in gut contents. The results indicate that the maintenance requirement/kg0·75 decreases with increasing gut content.

scholarly journals Nutrient supply and growth of cattle offered straw-based diets

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Ortigues ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
J. D. Oldham ◽  
A. B. McAllan ◽  
J. W. Siviter
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

An experiment was conducted using steers cannulated at the rumen, duodenum and ileum to study the effects of increasing the levels of barley and fishmeal in straw-based diets. Diets A, B, C and D contained ammonia-treated straw, barley and fishmeal in the ratios, 67:33:0, 66:23:11, 53:47:0 and 52:36:12 (by weight) and were offered in daily amounts of 3·9, 3·9, 4·8 and 4·8 kg dry matter. The effects of barley were attributable to increased intakes of digestible organic matter and consequently to increased flows of microbial matter to the duodenum. There were no modifications in the balance of energy to nitrogen-yielding nutrients available for absorption. Introducing fishmeal into diets improved digestibility of cellulose and xylose by up to 6.7 and 4.7 % respectively, and shifted digestion towards the large intestine. Second, it increased amino acid N supply to the small intestine which averaged 52·2, 63·2, 68·8 and 84·0 g/d with diets A, B, C and D. Some changes were also noted in the balance of amino acids absorbed. Consequently, the contribution of amino acids to metabolizable energy intake increased with the proportion of fishmeal in diets (0·17, 0·20, 0·18 and 0·21 for diets A, B, C and D).Growth rates measured in heifers amounted to 259, 431, 522 and 615 g/d for diets A, B, C and D. They appeared to be related to intestinal amino acid supply.

scholarly journals Population improvement and synthetic cultivar production in forage kale (Brassica oleracea L.)

Euphytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Breeding Method ◽  
Thiocyanate Ion ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Population Improvement ◽  
Field Transplant

AbstractExperimental results are brought together to demonstrate that forage kale population improvement involving full-sib and selfed families can be done on an annual cycle, followed by production of a synthetic cultivar. Furthermore, this new breeding method compares favourably with the two successful methods used to date, namely triple-cross hybrid cultivars from inbreeding and crossbreeding programmes and open-pollinated cultivars from population improvement programmes. The key findings were that natural vernalization of kale in south east Scotland occurred by mid-December so that plants could be pollinated in a glasshouse with heating and lighting by the end of February and seed harvested by the end of May. The resulting full-sib or selfed families could be assessed in a field transplant trial in the same year, from June to November, thus completing an annual cycle. Self-pollination resulted in shorter plants with lower fresh-weight, dry-matter and digestible organic-matter yields, and undesirably higher contents of S-methylcysteine sulphoxide, the haemolytic anaemia factor, and the goitrogenic thiocyanate ion. As a consequence of digestible organic-matter yield being reduced by as much as 22%, the estimated optimum number of selfed parents in a synthetic cultivar was four to eight. Synthetic cultivars are expected to yield as well as triple-cross hybrids as there was no reduction in yield when the latter were open-pollinated.

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