scholarly journals Urea Utilization by Cattle as Influenced by Casein

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
N. N. Umunna ◽  
W. R. Woods ◽  
T. J. Klopfenstein
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Metabolism Study ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

THE influence of casein on urea-nitrogen utilization by cattle was investigated in two studies. In a fattening study, the inclusion of casein to a soybean meal (SBM) or urea-supplemented ration depressed both average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (P<.05}. Casein addition, on the other hand, significantly (P <.05 increased rumen :ammonia concentration. The second and metabolism study involved the use of identical rations as in the fattening study. Cattle fed rations with casein did not show any significant decrease in nitrogen retention as compared to cattle fed rations without casein. However, there was a non-significant drop in nitrogen retention, and an increase in urinary nitrogen excretion attributable to casein. Ruminal histamine observed for steers on the fattening study was higher than that noted for steers on the metabolism study. Part of the poor performance of steers on the casein diets could be attributed to the higher urinary nitrogen excreted and the elevated ruminal histamine levels observed.

Response of Yankasa sheep to various lengths of water deprivation

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Umunna ◽  
C. N. Chineme ◽  
D. I. Saror ◽  
A. Ahmed ◽  
S. Abed
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Severe Dehydration ◽  
Metabolism Study ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe effects of various lengths of water deprivation were studied with Yankasa sheep fed either a high roughage or a high concentrate diet in two experiments. Water was given once in 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Free water intake decreased linearly (P < 0·01) as the period of water deprivation increased but feed intake was not similarly affected. There was a marked decrease in live-weight gain and consequently a decline in feed efficiency (kg gain/kg feed). In the metabolism study, there was a tendency towards reduced mean faecal and urinary nitrogen excretion, faecal moisture content and increased mean nitrogen retention and nitrogen and dry-matter digestibilities as the period of deprivation increased. Rams given water once in 72 and 96 h were very inactive and dull and one and three rams respectively, died of severe dehydration from those treatments in Expt 2.

scholarly journals Functional diversity vs monotony: The effect of a multi-forage diet as opposed to a single forage diet on animal intake, performance, welfare, and urinary nitrogen excretion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Garrett ◽  
M R Beck ◽  
C J Marshall ◽  
A E Fleming ◽  
C M Logan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of offering animals a multi-forage choice of fresh herbages on dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain and animal welfare, in comparison with a monotonous diet of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Twenty ram lambs [30.5 ± 0.9 kg initial live weight; mean ± standard error of the mean], were randomly allocated to either a diet consisting of diverse multi-forage choice (MF) or a single forage ryegrass (SF) diet (n = 10 per treatment) for 35 days. Both diets were fed ad libitum; however, the MF diet was composed of set dry matter ratios of: 24% chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), 30% lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), 25% plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), and 21% ryegrass. The DMI of the MF lambs was 48% greater (P &lt; 0.01) and the within animal day-to-day coefficient of variation (CV) of intake was 26% lower (P &lt; 0.01) than the SF lambs. The average daily gain (ADG) of lambs offered the MF diet was 92% greater (P &lt; 0.01) than the lambs offered the SF diet. The within animal day-to-day CV of intake was negatively related with ADG (r = -0.59: P &lt; 0.01). The MF lamb’s urinary N concentration was 30% lower (P &lt; 0.01) than that of the SF lambs. The SF lambs spent more time (P &lt; 0.05) exhibiting stereotypic behaviors in the afternoon and spent more time observing other animals than the MF. Overall, allocating a multi-forage choice of fresh herbages as opposed to a single forage diet of ryegrass increases DMI and thereby animal performance, while potentially reducing urinary N excretion.

Effect of starch on the utilization by sheep of a straw diet supplemented with urea and minerals

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Mulholland ◽  
JB Coombe ◽  
WR McManus
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Energy ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Individually penned Border Leicester x Merino wethers, aged 11 months, were fed ad lib. for 16 weeks on a basal ration of ground, pelleted oat straw, urea and minerals, supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 or 40% starch. The diets contained equal percentages of nitrogen and minerals. Dry matter intake reached a maximum of 2000 g/day with 30% starch; above this starch level, digestive disturbances were observed. Organic matter digestibility was increased by the addition of starch, but cellulose digestibility was depressed by as much as 18 units with the addition of 30% starch. Up to 10% the starch level had little effect on cellulose digestibility. Liveweight change was significantly correlated with digestible organic matter intake, mean daily weight gains varying from 22 g with no starch to 104 g with 30% starch. However, a large percentage of the liveweight gain was as total body water, and body energy storage increased appreciably only when the diet contained at least 20% starch. The inclusion of 5% starch slightly depressed both intake and liveweight gain. Daily clean wool production was significantly increased at starch levels higher than 20% and ranged from 5.3 to 7.5 g/day with 0 and 40% starch respectively. Increasing levels of starch had little effect on apparent nitrogen digestibility, but resulted in a substantial increase in nitrogen retention through a reduction in urinary nitrogen excretion. Serum urea levels fell from a mean of 42 mg/100 ml during the first week to 31 mg/100 ml during subsequent periods, with no significant differences between diets. With the general exception of potassium, mineral balances were positive or close to zero throughout the experiment.

Effect of abomasal infusions of methionine, casein, and starch plus methionine on the wool production of Merino wethers fed on lucerne or wheaten chaff

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dove ◽  
GE Robards
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Merino wethers received daily abomasal infusions of (a) 2.6 g DL-methionine, (b) 80 g casein protein or (c) 2.6 g DL-methionine plus 87 g maize starch, while consuming either lucerne chaff or wheaten chaff. Responses in wool growth, nitrogen metabolism and body weight were measured. Sheep fed on lucerne chaff had a higher urinary nitrogen excretion and nitrogen retention than those fed on wheaten chaff regardless of the presence or type of infusion. The infusion of methionine did not markedly alter these parameters from their original levels on either diet. On both diets, casein infusion led to increased urinary nitrogen excretion and nitrogen retention. Compared with sheep given starch plus methionine infusions, those given casein had higher urinary nitrogen excretion and nitrogen retention. Changes in fleece-free body weight gain followed a similar pattern. There were no pronounced differences in faecal nitrogen excretion. Regardless of the presence or type of infusion, sheep fed on lucerne grew more wool than those on wheaten chaff. On both diets, all infusions were accompanied by higher wool growths than on the basal diet alone. The effect of the casein infusion, compared with methionine infusion, was apparent only in sheep on wheaten chaff. Wool growth rates in sheep infused with starch plus methionine were not higher than the rates in the same sheep infused with methionine alone. The results suggest that the wool production of sheep will show a greater response to abomasal supplements of sulphur amino acids or casein if they are consuming a high quality diet such as lucerne chaff, compared with a low quality diet such as wheaten chaff. The apparent failure of starch infusion to stimulate wool growth above the level obtained with methionine infusions alone is discussed in relation to the interaction of protein and energy in the growth of wool.

The nutrition of the early-weaned calf. X. The effect of replacement of fish meal with either urea or ammonium acetate on growth rate and nitrogen retention in calves fed ad libitum

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kay ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
G. McKiddie ◽  
Euphemia B. Philip
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Trial ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

1. A growth trial and nitrogen balance studies were carried out on 32 early-weaned calves fed on a basal diet containing fish meal or diets in which the fish meal nitrogen was partially replaced by urea or ammonium acetate or totally replaced by urea.2. Growth rate and feed conversion efficiency were highest on the fish meal diet and fell as urea replaced the fish meal.3. Rumen ammonia levels and urinary nitrogen excretion were highest, and nitrogen retention lowest, in the calves receiving the diet in which fish meal nitrogen was completely replaced by urea nitrogen.

Studies on marsupial nutrition. VI. The utilization of dietry urea by the Euro or Hill Kangaroo, Macropus robustus (Gould)

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Brown
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Digestive Physiology ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Macropod marsupials, the kangaroos and wallabies, are characterized by a ruminant-like digestive physiology. One feature of digestion in eutherian species of ruminants is the ability of these animals to utilize non-protein nitrogen through the conversion of such nitrogen to microbial protein by the microorganisms in the rumen. In the present experiments with the euro or hill kangaroo (M. robustus), the utilization of dietary protein (casein) and non-protein nitrogen (urea) has been compared by means of nitrogen balance feeding trials. No consistent differences between the levels of nitrogen retention and urinary nitrogen excretion were observed for euros fed rations supplemented with either casein or urea. It is suggested that the digestion of nitrogen by the ruminant-like macropod marsupials is similar to that of eutherian species of ruminant herbivores.

Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 672-673
Author(s):  
Jayant P. Shenai ◽  
Robert K. Huston ◽  
John W. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Serum Urea ◽  
Letters To The Editor ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen ◽  
Lower Urinary

We wish to thank Professor Prinsloo for his comments on our paper.1 He correctly points out some similarities in the findings of our study on soy-based formula in premature infants and the study in which he participated.2 We found that nitrogen retention was significantly lower, urinary nitrogen excretion (% of intake) was significantly higher, and serum urea nitrogen was significantly higher in soy protein formula-fed infants than in milk formula-fed infants. However, we do not feel that it is justified to conclude from these findings that soy protein is of suboptimal quality.

EFFECTS OF VITAMIN B12 AND AUREOMYCIN ON NITROGEN RETENTION IN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 462-475
Author(s):  
ROBERT KAYE ◽  
RONALD H. CAUGHEY ◽  
WALLACE W. MCCRORY
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

The effects of vitamin B12 on weight, nitrogen and electrolyte balances were studied in six male infants. Three of the infants were offered nitrogen intakes of approximately 1.0 gm./kg./day, and the remaining three an intake of 0.1 gm./kg./ day. The effects of aureomycin were studied by the same criteria in two of the infants on low nitrogen intakes. The authors were unable to obtain unequivocal evidence that vitamin B12 exerts a nitrogen anabolic effect in infants maintained on constant intakes of high and low protein content. Vitamin B12 administration to the subjects on a high protein intake resulted in an increased urinary nitrogen excretion which may be a reflection of an enhanced rate of conversion of protein into carbohydrate or fat. Averages of the control and B12 period nitrogen retentions and weight gains in gm./kg./day were 0.235 and 11.8 for the high protein-fed subjects, and .011 and 2.4 for the low protein-fed subjects. Aureomycin did not produce beneficial effects on weight or nitrogen retention, but rather showed a tendency to augment fecal nitrogen losses. Appetite stimulation was noted in 2 of the 6 subjects given B12. A nitrogen intake of 0.1 gm./kg./day derived from cow's milk protein approximates the minimum requirement for equilibrium in male infants under the conditions of this study.

Nitrogen utilization and wool production by sheep

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Reis ◽  
PG Schinckel
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Wool Fibre ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Stable Level ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

The utilization of nitrogen was examined in sheep fed several diets; in some experiments the diet was supplemented with soluble casein given directly into the abomasum through a fistula. Casein supplements per abomasum were almost completely digested and absorbed. At the highest level of casein supplementation (55 g casein nitrogen per day) 95% of the casein was digested and absorbed. An increase in nitrogen intake resulted in an immediate increase in nitrogen balance, followed by a gradual return towards a stable level. There was also an immediate response of faecal and urinary nitrogen excretion to a change in nitrogen intake. Most of the adjustment in urinary nitrogen excretion occurred within 4 days, this period being followed by a gradual change towards a stable level of excretion during the next 6 weeks. Much higher levels of nitrogen retention were obtained from casein administered per abomasum than from similar levels of nitrogen given per os. Changes in wool production also occurred following changes in the nitrogen intake per 0s. The observed changes were variable, depending on the sheep and the feed change involved, and periods of up to 10 weeks were required before the rate of wool production became stable following a change in nutrition. Casein supplementation per abomasum resulted in a substantial increase in wool production and in a rapid increase in wool fibre diameter; most of the increase in fibre diameter occurred in the first week of supplementation. The efficiency of conversion of dietary nitrogen into wool nitrogen was much higher in experiments where a casein supplement was administered per abomasum than in experiments involving normal feeding; possible reasons for this difference are discussed.

Variability in daily urinary nitrogen excretion of gestating gilts does not affect estimates of nitrogen retention

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-605
Author(s):  
E.G. Miller ◽  
L. Huber ◽  
C.L. Levesque ◽  
C.F.M. de Lange
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
N Balance ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Daily urinary nitrogen excretion (UN, g d−1) was quantified in gestating gilts during 5 d nitrogen (N) balance periods. Abbreviated collection days (<22 h) can be used in N balance calculations when extrapolated to reflect a complete 24 h collection. Variation in daily UN did not affect overall N retention calculations.

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