Probiotics in the comprehensive prevention of respiratory infections in children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.В. Николаева ◽  
Д.В. Усенко ◽  
Ю.Н. Хлыповка ◽  
А.В. Горелов
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Potential Clinical Benefit ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Вирусные инфекции дыхательных путей являются наиболее частой причиной инфекционных заболеваний, особенно у детей. В большинстве случаев, особенно при поражении верхних дыхательных путей, острые респираторные вирусные инфекции протекают в легкой или среднетяжелой форме и часто купируются самостоятельно. Фармакологические средства для лечения или профилактики данных инфекций у детей в настоящее время ограничены. Многочисленные исследования доказали эффективность пробиотиков в лечении и профилактике заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта, таких как инфекционные и антибиотик-ассоциированные диареи, диареи путешественников, некротизирующий энтероколит, инфекция Helicobacter pylori, а также атопических заболеваний. Становится актуальным изучение эффективности пробиотиков в качестве средств профилактики острых респираторных инфекций среди детей и взрослых. Данные in vitro демонстрируют, что пробиотики обладают штаммоспецифическим иммуномодулирующим действием на иммунные клетки. Показано, что пробиотики эффективны в подавлении репликации различных респираторных вирусов, включая вирусы гриппа и респираторно-синцитиальный вирус. Подобные эффекты были продемонстрированы на мышах, было показано, что пробиотики способны снижать титры вируса в тканях легких и модулировать экспрессию противовирусных и провоспалительных генов до и после вирусной инфекции. Доклинические исследования также показывают уменьшение симптомов заболевания у мышей, что указывает на потенциальную клиническую пользу. Данные литературы по изучению применения пробиотиков и синбиотиков при вирусных инфекциях респираторного тракта показывают, что их использование связано с более низкой частотой и меньшей продолжительностью легких форм респираторной инфекции как у детей, так и у взрослых. Целесообразно дальнейшее проведение исследований для получения адекватных выводов об эффективности пробиотиков и синбиотиков при острых респираторных инфекциях. Viral infections of the respiratory tract are the most common cause of infectious diseases, especially in children. In most cases, especially when the upper respiratory tract is affected, acute respiratory viral infections are mild to moderate and often stop spontaneously. Pharmacological agents for the treatment or prevention of these infections in children are currently limited. Numerous studies have proven the effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as infectious and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea, necrotizing enterocolitis, Helicobacter pylori infection, as well as atopic diseases. It is becoming urgent to study the effectiveness of probiotics as prophylactic agents for acute respiratory infections. among children and adults. In vitro data demonstrate that probiotics have strain-specific immunomodulatory effects on immune cells. Probiotics have been shown to be effective in suppressing the replication of various respiratory viruses, including influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus. Similar effects have been demonstrated in mice with the ability of probiotics to reduce viral titers in lung tissues and modulate the expression of antiviral and pro-inflammatory genes before and after viral infection. Preclinical studies also show improvement in symptoms in mice, indicating potential clinical benefit. Literature data on the use of probiotics and synbiotics for viral infections of the respiratory tract show that their use is associated with a lower frequency and duration of mild forms of respiratory infection in both children and adults. It is advisable to further conduct research necessary to obtain adequate conclusions about the effectiveness of probiotics and synbiotics in acute respiratory infections.

Clinical, epidemiological and etiological features of severe acute respiratory infections in hospitalized patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
S.S. Smirnova ◽  
◽  
E.V. Lelenkova ◽  
A.Yu. Markaryan ◽  
I.V. Vyalykh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Objective. To study the clinical, epidemiological and etiological characteristics of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in in-patients in Ekaterinburg during the epidemic season 2017–2018. Patients and methods. 403 individual medical records were studied. Etiological decoding was carried out by isolating RNA or DNA of respiratory viruses from nasopharyngeal swabs by polymerase chain reaction. Results. SARI in hospitalized patients were caused by both influenza viruses (В Yamagata – 25.2% and А(H1N1)pdm09 – 11.0%) and viruses of non-influenza etiology (respiratory syncytial virus (RS-virus) – 13.3%, rhinovirus – 12.9%, metapneumovirus – 11.0%). It was found that viruses were more often secreted in children than in adults; among children of the younger age group (0–2 years old) viruses of non-influenza etiology were detected significantly more often, and in children 7–14 years old, influenza viruses were more often isolated. Patients with upper respiratory tract infections were significantly more likely to have influenza viruses (78.9%) than patients with lower respiratory tract infections (21.1%). Conclusion. The results of the study indicate the importance of hospital surveillance for SARI from the point of view of the etiological diagnosis of respiratory infections, the study of epidemiology and typical clinical manifestations for the timely diagnosis and development of additional preventive and anti-epidemic measures. Key words: hospital surveillance, influenza, PCR diagnostics, respiratory infections, epidemiology, etiology

scholarly journals Co-infection between influenza virus and flagellated bacteria

2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 275-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalva Assunção Portari Mancini ◽  
Rita Maria Zucatelli Mendonça ◽  
Andrea Luppi Fernandes Dias ◽  
Ronaldo Zucatelli Mendonça ◽  
José Ricardo Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Cell Entry ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract

Trypsin is required in the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage to in vitro influenza viruses activation. This HA cleavage is necessary for virus cell entry by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Bacteria in the respiratory tract are potential sources of proteases that could contribute to the cleavage of influenza virus in vivo. From 47 samples collected from horses, pigs, and from humans, influenza presence was confirmed in 13 and these samples demonstrated co-infection of influenza with flagellated bacteria, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from the beginning of the experiments. Despite treatment with antibiotics, the bacteria remained resistant in several of the co-infected samples (48.39%). These bacteria, considered opportunistic invaders from environmental sources, are associated with viral infections in upper respiratory tract of hosts. The protease (elastase), secreted by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia plays a role in the potentiation of influenza virus infection. Proteolytic activity was detected by casein agar test. Positive samples from animals and humans had either a potentiated influenza infectivity or cytopathic effect (CPE) in MDCK and NCI H292 cells, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were always present. Virus and bacteria were observed ultrastructurally. These in vitro findings show that microbial proteases could contribute to respiratory complications by host protease activity increasing inflammation or destroying endogenous cell protease inhibitors.

scholarly journals Viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infections in Macao: a retrospective study from 2014 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Lei ◽  
Lisong Yang ◽  
Cheong Tat Lou ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Kin Ian SiTou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Etiology ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the leading causes of hospitalization in children. Understanding the local dominant viral etiologies is important to inform infection control practices and clinical management. This study aimed to investigate the viral etiology and epidemiology of respiratory infections among pediatric inpatients in Macao. Methods A retrospective study using electronic health records between 2014 and 2017 at Kiang Wu Hospital was performed. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were obtained from hospitalized children aged 13 years or younger with respiratory tract diseases. xMAP multiplex assays were employed to detect respiratory agents including 10 respiratory viruses. Data were analyzed to describe the frequency and seasonality. Results Of the 4880 children enrolled in the study, 3767 (77.1%) were positive for at least one of the 13 viral pathogens tested, of which 2707 (55.5%) being male and 2635 (70.0%) under 2 years old. Among the positive results, there were 3091 (82.0%) single infections and 676 (18.0%) multiple infections. The predominant viruses included human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/EV 27.4%), adenovirus (ADV, 15.8%), respiratory syncytial virus B (RSVB, 7.8%) and respiratory syncytial virus A (RSVA, 7.8%). The detection of viral infection was the most prevalent in autumn (960/1176, 81.6%), followed by spring (1095/1406, 77.9%), winter (768/992, 77.4%), and summer (944/1306, 72.3%), with HRV/EV and ADV being most commonly detected throughout the 4 years of study period. The detection rate of viral infection was highest among ARI patients presented with croup (123/141, 87.2%), followed by lower respiratory tract infection (1924/2356, 81.7%) and upper respiratory tract infection (1720/2383, 72.2%). FluA, FluB and ADV were positive factors for upper respiratory tract infections. On the other hand, infection with RSVA, RSVB, PIV3, PIV4, HMPV, and EV/RHV were positively associated with lower respiratory tract infections; and PIV1, PIV2, and PIV3 were positively associated with croup. Conclusions This is the first study in Macao to determine the viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for ARIs. The study findings can contribute to the awareness of pathogen, appropriate preventative measure, accurate diagnosis, and proper clinical management of respiratory viral infections among children in Macao.

Respiratory tract viruses

2020 ◽  
pp. 723-734
Author(s):  
Malik Peiris
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Parainfluenza Viruses ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Respiratory Tract Viruses ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections

Viral respiratory infections, including coronavirus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses, and influenza viruses, are a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, most notably the COVID-19 pandemic. Transmission occurs through direct contact, contaminated fomites, and large airborne droplets, with long-range transmission by small particle aerosols reported in at least some instances of influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clinical syndromes affect the upper and/or lower respiratory tract, including coryza, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Each syndrome can potentially be caused by several viruses, and each respiratory virus can be associated with different clinical syndromes. Measles is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and fatality in tropical countries.

Antibiotic therapy of acute upper respiratory tract infections and otitis media in adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Paź ◽  
Magdalena Arimowicz
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

An estimated 50% of antibiotic prescriptions may be unjustified in the outpatient setting. Viruses are responsible for most acute respiratory tract infections. The viral infections are often self-limiting and only symptomatic treatment remains effective. Bacteria are involved in a small percentage of infections etiology in this area. In the case of a justified or documented suspicion of a bacterial infection, antibiotic therapy may be indicated. Based on the Polish „Recommendations for the management of non-hospital respiratory infections 2016”, the indications, the rules of choice, the appropriate dosing schedules and the therapy duration, in the most frequent upper respiratory tract infections in adults, have been presented. Implementation of the presented recommendations regarding our Polish epidemiological situation, will significantly reduce the tendency to abuse antibiotics, and thus will limit the spread of drug-resistant microorganisms.

scholarly journals Approaches to Antiviral Chemotherapy for Acute Respiratory Infections

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiro Shigeta
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Antiviral Chemotherapy

The causative agents of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in infants and children are mostly thought to be viruses. Some ARI in adult patients may be caused by bacteria but most often the causes are virus infections. When ARI affect immunocompromised patients or the elderly the mortality rates are significantly higher than in immunocompetent individuals. Many types of viruses cause ARI. Among them, influenza viruses A and B and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are thought to be the most important because of the severity of illness after infection and their high communicability in the human population. Recently, several novel antiviral drugs against ARI have been developed and some are proceeding in clinical trials. This review covers current investigations into antiviral compounds targeted at several points in the virus life-cycle. This includes PM-523, which broadly inhibits ortho- and paramyxoviruses, two neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza virus, neutralizing antibody to RSV and chimeric soluble ICAM-1–IgA molecules targeted against rhinoviruses.

scholarly journals Respiratory viral infections in children: modalities for pathogenic treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 762-767
Author(s):  
S.V. Nikolaeva ◽  
◽  
Yu.N. Khlypovka ◽  
V.A. Zavolozhin ◽  
E.K. Shushakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Rhinovirus C

Respiratory viruses are the leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide. Rapid identification of a pathogen, epidemiological surveillance, description of symptoms, and the development of preventive and therapeutic measures are keystones to limit the spread of respiratory infections. Novel viruses with specific properties are regularly discovered. This paper addresses essential data on the most common viruses provoking acute respiratory infections, including whose in children and the pattern of their course. Conventionally, the most vital concern is flu. Influenza viruses provoke seasonal outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. Many studies demonstrate the role of rhinovirus C in the development of bronchiolitis and, subsequently, asthma. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2 provoking COVID-19 were recently described. Knowledge of known and newly emerging viruses is crucial for timely adequate medical care. The authors discuss major therapeutic strategies for acute respiratory infections that provide a more favorable course of infectious inflammation irrespective of viral etiology. KEYWORDS: acute respiratory infections, influenza virus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, pneumonia, interferon. FOR CITATION: Nikolaeva S.V., Khlypovka Yu.N., Zavolozhin V.A. et al. Respiratory viral infections in children: modalities for pathogenic treatment. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(11):762–767 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-11-762-767.

scholarly journals Analysis of the primary incidence of conscript military personnel of the Navy and Russian Ground Forces over the last 10 years (2010–2019)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
V. I. Evdokimov ◽  
P. P. Sivashchenko
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Total Contribution ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Icd 10

The purpose of the study is to analyze the primary incidence of conscript military personnel of the Navy and Ground Forces over the last 10 years from 2010–2019.Methodology. We conducted a selective statistical analysis of medical reports on the health status of personnel and the activities of the medical service in the form of 3/MED of military units, in which served about 80% of the total number of conscript military personnel of the Navy and Russian Ground Forces. The primary incidence of conscript military personnel was correlated with the chapters of the International Classification of Diseases, 10 th revision (ICD-10).Results and their discussion. The average annual incidence rate of conscript military personnel for the Navy amounted to 1143,4–59,1‰, of the Ground Forces was higher at the level of trends — 1345,9–86,1‰. The dynamics of the primary incidence of conscript military personnel of the Navy showed a decrease in data, the Ground Forces — resembled an inverted U-curve with maximum rates in 2013–2014. The leading chapters of diseases of the primary incidence of the Russian Navy and the Army were respiratory diseases (X chapter), skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases (XII chapter), some infectious and parasitic diseases (chapter I), digestive diseases (XI chapter) and bone disease -muscular system and connective tissue (XIII chapter). The total contribution of these classes to the structure was 83,9 and 84,5%, respectively. Indicators of primary morbidity of acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract (J00–J06), infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (L00–L08), and other acute lower respiratory infections were of a different significance for the conscripts of the Russian Navy and the Ground Forces of rank 1–6 respiratory tract (J20–J22), flu and pneumonia (J10–J18), diseases of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum (K20–K31) and viral infections characterized by lesions of the skin and mucous membranes (B00–B09). The distinctive features of the primary morbidity of military personnel of the Navy and Ground Forces by disease classes and leading nosologies are revealed. The total contribution of the listed nosologies (groups in chapters) to the structure was 71,3 and 73,2%, respectively.

scholarly journals MTOR Kinase is a Therapeutic Target for Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Coronaviruses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
HoangDinh Huynh ◽  
Ruth Levitz ◽  
Jeffrey Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Abstract Therapeutic interventions targeting viral infections remain a significant challenge for both the medical and scientific communities. While specific antiviral agents have shown success as therapeutics, viral resistance inevitably develops making many of these approaches ineffective. This inescapable obstacle warrants alternative approaches, such as targeting host cellular factors. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the major respiratory pathogen of infants and children worldwide, causes respiratory tract infection ranging from mild upper respiratory tract symptoms to severe life-threatening lower respiratory tract disease. Despite the fact that the molecular biology of the virus, which was originally discovered in 1956, is well described, there is no vaccine or effective antiviral treatment against RSV infection. Here, we demonstrate that targeting host factors, specifically, mTOR signaling, limits RSV protein production and viral replication. Further, we show that this approach is generalizable as inhibition of mTOR kinases reduces coronavirus gene expression, protein production and replication. Overall, defining virus replication-dependent host functions may be an effective means to combat viral infections, particular in the absence of antiviral drugs.

scholarly journals Comparison of the performance of the Panther Fusion respiratory virus panel to R-Gene and laboratory developed tests for diagnostic and hygiene screening specimens from the upper and lower respiratory tract

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Ganzenmueller ◽  
Rolf Kaiser ◽  
Claas Baier ◽  
Marlies Wehrhane ◽  
Brigitta Hilfrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
R Gene ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Introduction. Diagnosis of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) can be facilitated by the Panther Fusion (PF) automatic, random access PCR system for the detection of influenzavirus A (Flu A) and B (Flu B), parainfluenzavirus (Paraflu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), rhinovirus (RV) and human adenovirus (AdV) in nasopharyngeal swabs. Aim. To evaluate the performance of PF in comparison with established methods, including subsets of (1) lower respiratory tract (LRT) specimens and (2) upper respiratory tract (URT) hygiene screening specimens of patients without ARI symptoms. Methodology. The performance characteristics of PF were compared with bioMérieux R-Gene and laboratory-developed PCR tests (LDTs). Overall, 1544 specimens with 6658 individual diagnostic requests were analysed. Results. The overall concordances of PF and LDTs for Flu A, Flu B and AdV were 98.4, 99.9 and 96.1%, respectively; by re-testing of discrepant specimens concordances increased to 99.4, 99.9 and 98.0%, respectively. Initial concordances of PF and R-Gene assays for RSV, Paraflu, hMPV and RV were 98.4, 96.3, 99.3 and 96.0%, respectively, and retest concordances were 99.7, 97.9, 99.9 and 98.9%, respectively. No differences to the overall performance were found for the subgroups of LRT and hygiene screening specimens. PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values correlated very well between methods, indicating that a semi-quantitative diagnostic approach using Ct values (e.g. highly vs. weakly positive) could augment the diagnostic information. Conclusion. PF performed similar to R-Gene and LDTs not only for its intended use but also for LRT and hygiene screening specimens with shorter hands-on and turnaround times.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document