scholarly journals THE CRISIS OF 2008 AND THE RISE OF THE SLOVENIAN CONSOLIDATION STATE

2021 ◽  
pp. 305-321
Author(s):  
Marko Hočevar

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to explain the creation of the Slovenian debt state and its transformation into a consolidation state after the crisis of 2008. When the crisis struck Slovenia in 2009, the banking system was near collapse. Through the recapitalisations of the banking system the public debt began to grow. After a couple of years and under the structural pressures of rating agencies and pressures from the EU, the Slovenian state had to adopt austerity measures to consolidate its public finances, while limiting the scope of democracy. The main finding of the article is that the crisis of 2008 fundamentally changed the Slovenian state. Keywords: capitalist state, consolidation state, debt, Slovenia, democracy

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Krastev ◽  
Blagovesta Koyundzhiyska-Davidkova ◽  
Nadezhda Petkova

Abstract In 2000, the global policy against the phenomenon of “corruption“ was launched by the United Nations, and in 2003 the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) was adopted, which Bulgaria ratified three years later. Two months after the adoption of this international convention, Bulgaria became part of the European Union. The accession was accompanied by the creation of “specific accompanying measures” aimed at correcting identified deficiencies in various areas, including measures against corruption. As a result of the annual reports of the European Commission on Bulgaria’s progress on the Co-operation and Verification Mechanism, anti-corruption law-making has begun to develop and improve. Serious progress in this direction is the creation of legislation in the area of “conflict of interest”, which is not exactly corruption but creates prerequisites for its development, especially in the public sphere. The paper presents the result of the analysis of the created anti-corruption legislation after the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria to the EU. Particular attention is paid to the law adopted in 2018 regulating anti-corruption measures, as well as the terms and procedure for the seizure of illegally acquired property for the benefit of the state.


2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
Michał Wielechowski

The aim of this article is the presentation and the attempt to analyse such phenomena as: an excessive general government deficit and public debt in EU Member States over the past 3 years. For the European Union the years 2008-2010 were the time when public finances of most member countries worsened dramatically. The average budget deficit in the EU increased during that period to a value of almost 7% compared to gross domestic product and public debt reached almost 80% of GDP. Referring the numbers to the principles of the budgetary policy in the Treaty on the European Union (the deficit should not exceed 3% in relation to GDP and public debt – 60% of GDP), the observance of budgetary discipline has been significantly violated. In consequence, the excessive deficit procedure has been initiated. in relation to almost all the countries of the EU, Its purpose was to force the member countries to take concrete actions to stabilize public finances. The economic crisis that began in the second half of 2007 in the United States of America which resulted in a significant deterioration of the finances of all the EU member countries might be regarded as the major source of violation of their budgetary discipline. The reactions of most governments TO the harmful effects caused by the financial crisis were to stimulate national economies and stem the decline of domestic demand. The higher level of public expenditures was simultaneously the cause of increased budget deficits,. To develop and present the problem of an excessive budget deficit and public debt in the EU countries some statistical methods were used and the data source statistics were mainly carried out by the European Commission and the European Statistical Office.


Author(s):  
Staņislavs Keišs ◽  
Alla Seregina

The article investigates the structure and dynamics of public debt of Latvia for the period from 2006–2016 year. The relevance of the study long-term effects of public debt on the economy of Latvia is predetermined by a significant increase in its volume of low GDP growth rates in recent years. This article discusses conceptual approaches and criteria for evaluation of the public debt. An analysis of the main reasons for the growth of public debt of Latvia after joining the EU, considers its specific characteristics and consequences as compared with the more developed EU countries on the basis of these annual reports of Latvia Treasury over the past ten years. Analysis of the structure of the debt of Latvia on maturity shows that an effective public debt management necessarily involves consideration of the long-term effects of the growth of public debt to the public. High level of the external indebtedness in the structure of Latvian public debt is a factor of the growth of “debt overhang” even following Maastricht criterions of public debt. As a result of the research is justification of differentiated approach necessity to the evaluation of public debt with considering of intertemporal effects.


2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-162
Author(s):  
Tomasz Uryszek

Abstract With the growing imbalance of public sectors in the EU Member States, the public debt in the countries increased too. Public debt management institutions face the task of choosing the optimal debt structure in order to minimize the negative effects for the economy. This article sets out to determine changes in the public debt structure in the EU Member States during economic crisis. It consists of four sections. Section one deals with public debt management under crisis conditions. In the next sections, the term, currency and lender structure of public debt in the new Member States are analysed and discussed. The last section presents major conclusions from the research.


2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
François R. Velde

The French government currently honors a very unusual debt contract: an annuity that was issued in 1738 and currently yields €1.20 per year, payable to the descendants of its original recipient. I tell the story of this unique debt, which serves as an anecdotal but symbolic summary of French public finances since the eighteenth century. Created by a powerful nobleman for one of his servants, it survived the turmoil of the French Revolution, became part of the public debt and has been scrupulously honored to this day, even though its value has been eroded away by decades of inflation.


Author(s):  
Martín L. E. Wasserman

ABSTRACT The South American Funds National Exchequer was established in 1818 to contribute to the consolidation of the public debt of Buenos Aires. It was the first financial innovation since the revolutionary outbreak in Buenos Aires, and its failure allowed the authorities to understand the limits of the fiscal and financial commitment they proposed by means of that institution. Its suppression, in 1821, offered an antecedent to develop a deep reform of the financial institutional matrix of Buenos Aires, based on the Public Credit office, the Amortization Exchequer and the Bank of Buenos Aires. The South American Funds National Exchequer was, thus, the first movement in the negotiation on the terms of the financial commitment assumed by the nascent State. This paper analyzes the 973 accounting entries of the institution, providing an interpretation of that failure and its importance for the course of public finances in Buenos Aires.


2019 ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Taras MARSHALOK ◽  
Ivanna MOROZ

Introduction. An increase in public debt may have a negative, neutral or positive impact on the country's economic development. A big loan does not mean big growth; it all depends on how the public money is spent. The same amount of money spent by governments from dif­ferent countries has a different meaning for domestic development and the dynamics of public debt. The reasons are differences in the size of GDP, the structure of government borrowings, the shadow economy. Purpose. The objective of this paper is to deepen the theoretical backgrounds and applied aspects of influence of the public debt on the economic development of the country. Methods. In the research process, a set of research methods and approaches were used: systemic, structural-functional, comparisons and others. Results. The problem of a high level of public debt is acute in many countries throughout the world, including Ukraine. Nobody can say for sure whether a high public debt holds back the country's economic development. Theoretically, economically weaker countries, having regard to the financial constraints and economic needs, should have a higher level of public debt in relation to GDP than countries with high levels of development. However, comparing the data on the ratio of public debt and GDP in the EU, it can be noted the following: the higher indicators in the more developed countries of the EU. The latter, in fact, are the largest lenders of the world economy and at the same time have the largest volumes of the public debt both in absolute terms and in relation to GDP. As a result of the unsatisfactory financial state of the public sector, household saving goes to the repayment of the higher-level commitments, and not for the financing of the development of companies. This is especially problematic if we look at the situation of future generations – they will have less capital at their disposal. Public debt is a reduction in future revenues; hence, it is an intergenerational problem. Conclusions. It is possible to make proposals that will have a significant impact on the growth of the economy and the reduction of the public debt: – internal borrowing but not the external loans are economically justified. In this case, the debts do not increase the money base and the turnover of funds is carried out within the state; – entrepreneurship requires the systematic and consistent support that will stimulate the economic development, which needs stable business conditions in the long run.


2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Działo

This article examines and assesses the influence of political factors on the effectiveness of pursuing fiscal policy. These factors usually cause and maintain a high budget deficit and public debt. Moreover, the problems of influence of fiscal rules on increased effectiveness of the pursued fiscal policy have been discussed. The fiscal rules are to assure macroeconomic stability in economy and improve credibility of the pursued fiscal policy by reducing the deficit, government spending, and public debt. Examples of applicable fiscal rules in the EU and Poland are presented and an attempt is made to evaluate the effectiveness of these rules in the process of consolidation of public finances.


2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Бранка Топић-Павковић

Резиме: Дужничка криза у земљама Европске монетарне уније истакла је значај вођења одговорне фискалне политике, посебно у оквиру питања одрживости јавног дуга и солвентности земаља чланица. Општа правила за контролу нивоа јавног дуга, уведена у ЕУ, предвиђају обавезујуће мјере за све чланице када њихов јавни дуг пређе границу од 60% БДП-а, као и правила о максималном износу удјела дефицита у БДП-у. Интензитет дужничке кризе одређен је повјерењем инвеститора које зависи од економских фундамената, али и процјене да ли ће влада досљедно измиривати своје обавезе. Циљ истраживања јесте да утврдимо да ли је однос дуга према БДП-у позитивно корелисан са кретањем каматних стопа на државне обвезнице и да одредимо степен њихове повезаности. На узорку од 17 земаља чланица ЕМУ и временским интервалима преткризног и кризног периода, корелационом и регресионом анализом указујемо на узрочно-посљедичну повезаност наведених индикатора и њихов утицај на солвентност земље. Резултати показују да се у случају кризе јавног дуга услијед повећања каматних стопа на дугорочне државне обвезнице, значајно повећава удио јавног дуга у БДП-у што води расту ризика неплаћања дуга и посљедично несолвентности земаља чланица. Фискални аспект интеграције БиХ, посматрани кроз призму фискалних критеријума ЕУ, показују минимална одступања од референтних вриједности. Међутим, имајући у виду да кретање нивоа јавног дуга, те његово сервисирање, директно зависе од степена повећања/смањења БДП-а, извоза и расположивог прихода за сервисирање дуга, одлуке о даљем задужи- вању морају бити повезане са производним пројектима или финансирањем пројеката који ће допринијети даљем привредном расту и расту конку- рентности.Summary: The debt crisis in the European Monetary Union, emphasized the importance of keeping a responsible fiscal policy, especially in the context of issues of public debt sustainability and solvency of the member countries. Common rules for control of the public debt was introduced in the EU provide for mandatory measures for all Member States when their public debt exceeds the limit of 60% of GDP, as well as rules on the maximum amount of deficit percentage of GDP. The intensity of the debt crisis is determined by the confidence of investors, which depends on economic fundamentals as well as assessing whether the government will consistently meet their obligations. The aim of the research is to determine whether the ratio of debt to GDP positively correlated to movements in interest rates on government bonds and to determine the degree of their coherence. In a sample of 17 EMU member countries and time periods pre-crisis and crisis period, correlation and regression analysis indicate a causal connection between these indicators and their impact on the solvency of the country. Results show that in the event of a crisis in public debt due to the increase in interest rates on long-term government bonds, significantly increasing the share of public debt in GDP, which increases the risk of non-payment of debt and consequent insolvency of member states. Fiscal aspect of integration of BiH observed through the prism of fiscal criteria of the EU show a minimum deviation from the reference value, however, given that the movement of the public debt servicing is directly dependent on the degree of increase/decrease of GDP, exports and disposable income to service the debt, decisions on further borrowing must be associated with manufacturing projects or production projects that will contribute to further economic growth and competitiveness.


2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Fuest

AbstractThe public debt rules of the European Stability and Growth Pact limit explicit debt but neglect the implicit debt embodied in pay as you go social insurance systems. This does not only imply that the pact fails to take into account the consequences of implicit debt for the sustainability of public finances. It is also possible that a member state violates the pact by transforming implicit into explicit debt in the context of social security reforms, without changing the overall sustainability of its public finances. The pact does include special rules for taking into account reforms of social insurance systems. But these rules are only partly appropriate.


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