Role of the dew water on the ground surface in HONO distribution: a case measurement in Melpitz

Abstract. To characterize the role of dew water for the ground surface HONO distribution, nitrous acid (HONO) measurements with a Monitor for AeRosols and Gases in ambient Air (MARGA) and a LOng Path Absorption Photometer (LOPAP) instrument were performed at the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) research site in Melpitz, Germany, from 19 to 29 April 2018. The dew water was also collected and analyzed from 8 to 14 May 2019 using a glass sampler. The high time resolution of HONO measurements showed characteristic diurnal variations that revealed that (i) vehicle emissions are a minor source of HONO at Melpitz station; (ii) the heterogeneous conversion of NO2 to HONO on the ground surface dominates HONO production at night; (iii) there is significant nighttime loss of HONO with a sink strength of 0.16±0.12 ppbv h−1; and (iv) dew water with mean NO2- of 7.91±2.14 µg m−2 could serve as a temporary HONO source in the morning when the dew droplets evaporate. The nocturnal observations of HONO and NO2 allowed the direct evaluation of the ground uptake coefficients for these species at night: γNO2→HONO=2.4×10-7 to 3.5×10-6, γHONO,ground=1.7×10-5 to 2.8×10-4. A chemical model demonstrated that HONO deposition to the ground surface at night was 90 %–100 % of the calculated unknown HONO source in the morning. These results suggest that dew water on the ground surface was controlling the temporal HONO distribution rather than straightforward NO2–HONO conversion. This can strongly enhance the OH reactivity throughout the morning time or in other planted areas that provide a large amount of ground surface based on the OH production rate calculation.

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Role of the dew water on the ground surface in HONO distribution: a case measurement in Melpitz

10.5194/acp-2019-1088 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yangang Ren ◽

Bastian Stieger ◽

Gerald Spindler ◽

Benoit Grosselin ◽

Abdelwahid Mellouki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ground Surface ◽

Diurnal Variations ◽

Vehicle Emission ◽

High Time Resolution ◽

Direct Evaluation ◽

Surface Deposition ◽

Rate Calculation ◽

Dew Water ◽

A Minor

Abstract. To characterize the role of dew water on the ground surface HONO distribution, nitrous acid (HONO) measurements with a MARGA and a LOPAP instrument were performed at the TROPOS research site in Melpitz from 19 to 29 April 2018. The dew water was also collected and analyzed from 8 to 14 May 2019 using a glass sampler. The high-time resolution of HONO measurements showed well-defined diurnal variations that revealed: (i) vehicle emission is a minor source of HONO at the Melpitz station; (ii) heterogeneous conversion of NO2 to HONO on ground surface dominates HONO production at night; (iii) significant nighttime ground surface deposition of HONO with a strength of sink of 0.161 ± 0.122 ppbv h−1; (iv) dew water with mean NO2− of 7.91 ± 2.14 μg m−2 could serve as a temporary HONO source in the morning when the dew droplets evaporate. The nocturnal observations of HONO and NO2 allowed direct evaluation of the ground uptake coefficients for these species at night: γNO2→HONO = 1.4 × 10−6 to 1.5 × 10−5, γHONO,ground = 5.6 to 19.5. A chemical model demonstrated that HONO deposition to the ground surface at night was 90–100 % of the calculated unknown HONO source in the morning. These results suggest that dew water on the ground surface was controlling the temporal HONO distribution rather than straightforward NO2–HONO conversion. This can strongly enhance the OH reactivity throughout morning time or other planted areas that provide large amount of ground surface based on the OH production rate calculation.

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Supplementary material to "Role of the dew water on the ground surface in HONO distribution: a case measurement in Melpitz"

10.5194/acp-2019-1088-supplement ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yangang Ren ◽

Bastian Stieger ◽

Gerald Spindler ◽

Benoit Grosselin ◽

Abdelwahid Mellouki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ground Surface ◽

Supplementary Material ◽

Dew Water

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The Effect of Path Length and Display Size on Memory for Spatial Information

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000137 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 147-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Katherine Guérard ◽

Sébastien Tremblay

Keyword(s):

Path Length ◽

Potential Role ◽

Spatial Information ◽

Recall Performance ◽

Minor Role ◽

Length Effect ◽

Serial Memory ◽

Fixed Reference ◽

A Minor

In serial memory for spatial information, some studies showed that recall performance suffers when the distance between successive locations increases relatively to the size of the display in which they are presented (the path length effect; e.g., Parmentier et al., 2005) but not when distance is increased by enlarging the size of the display (e.g., Smyth & Scholey, 1994). In the present study, we examined the effect of varying the absolute and relative distance between to-be-remembered items on memory for spatial information. We manipulated path length using small (15″) and large (64″) screens within the same design. In two experiments, we showed that distance was disruptive mainly when it is varied relatively to a fixed reference frame, though increasing the size of the display also had a small deleterious effect on recall. The insertion of a retention interval did not influence these effects, suggesting that rehearsal plays a minor role in mediating the effects of distance on serial spatial memory. We discuss the potential role of perceptual organization in light of the pattern of results.

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THE ROLE OF ANTHROPONYMS IN THE SEMANTIC FIELD OF ARTISTIC WORKS

Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K D Ushynsky Linguistic Sciences ◽

10.24195/2616-5317-2019-29-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (29) ◽

pp. 66-77

Author(s):

Lidiya Derbenyova

Keyword(s):

Literary Work ◽

Main Theme ◽

Semantic Field ◽

New Meanings ◽

Minor Part ◽

The One ◽

A Minor ◽

And Storage ◽

Horizon Of Expectations

The article explores the role of antropoetonyms in the reader’s “horizon of expectation” formation. As a kind of “text in the text”, antropoetonyms are concentrating a large amount of information on a minor part of the text, reflecting the main theme of the work. As a “text” this class of poetonyms performs a number of functions: transmission and storage of information, generation of new meanings, the function of “cultural memory”, which explains the readers’ “horizon of expectations”. In analyzing the context of the literary work we should consider the function of antropoetonyms in vertical context (the link between artistic and other texts, and the groundwork system of culture), as well as in the context of the horizontal one (times’ connection realized in the communication chain from the word to the text; the author’s intention). In this aspect, the role of antropoetonyms in the structure of the literary text is extremely significant because antropoetonyms convey an associative nature, generating a complex mechanism of allusions. It’s an open fact that they always transmit information about the preceding text and suggest a double decoding. On the one hand, the recipient decodes this information, on the other – accepts this as a sort of hidden, “secret” sense.

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Effects of Myo-inositol Alone and in Combination with Seleno-Lmethionine on Cadmium-Induced Testicular Damage in Mice

Current Molecular Pharmacology ◽

10.2174/1874467212666190620143303 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 311-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Salvatore Benvenga ◽

Antonio Micali ◽

Giovanni Pallio ◽

Roberto Vita ◽

Consuelo Malta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Structural Changes ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Minor Role ◽

Positive Role ◽

Testosterone Levels ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Testicular Lesions ◽

A Minor ◽

Immunohistochemical Analyses

Background: Cadmium (Cd) impairs gametogenesis and damages the blood-testis barrier. Objective: As the primary mechanism of Cd-induced damage is oxidative stress, the effects of two natural antioxidants, myo-inositol (MI) and seleno-L-methionine (Se), were evaluated in mice testes. Methods: Eighty-four male C57 BL/6J mice were divided into twelve groups: 0.9% NaCl (vehicle; 1 ml/kg/day i.p.); Se (0.2 mg/kg/day per os); Se (0.4 mg/kg/day per os); MI (360 mg/kg/day per os); MI plus Se (0.2 mg/kg/day); MI plus Se (0.4 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 (2 mg/kg/day i.p.) plus vehicle; CdCl2 plus MI; CdCl2 plus Se (0.2 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 plus Se (0.4 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 plus MI plus Se (0.2 mg/kg/day); and CdCl2 plus MI plus Se (0.4 mg/kg/day). After 14 days, testes were processed for biochemical, structural and immunohistochemical analyses. Results: CdCl2 increased iNOS and TNF-α expression and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, lowered glutathione (GSH) and testosterone, induced testicular lesions, and almost eliminated claudin-11 immunoreactivity. Se administration at 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg significantly reduced iNOS and TNF-α expression, maintained GSH, MDA and testosterone levels, structural changes and low claudin-11 immunoreactivity. MI alone or associated with Se at 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg significantly reduced iNOS and TNF-α expression and MDA levels, increased GSH and testosterone levels, ameliorated structural organization and increased claudin-11 patches number. Conclusion: We demonstrated a protective effect of MI, a minor role of Se and an evident positive role of the association between MI and Se on Cd-induced damages of the testis. MI alone or associated with Se might protect testes in subjects exposed to toxicants, at least to those with behavior similar to Cd.

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Tcf4 Is Involved in Subset Specification of Mesodiencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9030317 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 317

Author(s):

Simone Mesman ◽

Iris Wever ◽

Marten P. Smidt

Keyword(s):

Neuronal Differentiation ◽

Dopaminergic Neurons ◽

Neuronal Development ◽

Neuronal Population ◽

Minor Role ◽

Initial Increase ◽

E Box ◽

A Minor ◽

Bhlh Factor

During development, mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons form into different molecular subsets. Knowledge of which factors contribute to the specification of these subsets is currently insufficient. In this study, we examined the role of Tcf4, a member of the E-box protein family, in mdDA neuronal development and subset specification. We show that Tcf4 is expressed throughout development, but is no longer detected in adult midbrain. Deletion of Tcf4 results in an initial increase in TH-expressing neurons at E11.5, but this normalizes at later embryonic stages. However, the caudal subset marker Nxph3 and rostral subset marker Ahd2 are affected at E14.5, indicating that Tcf4 is involved in correct differentiation of mdDA neuronal subsets. At P0, expression of these markers partially recovers, whereas expression of Th transcript and TH protein appears to be affected in lateral parts of the mdDA neuronal population. The initial increase in TH-expressing cells and delay in subset specification could be due to the increase in expression of the bHLH factor Ascl1, known for its role in mdDA neuronal differentiation, upon loss of Tcf4. Taken together, our data identified a minor role for Tcf4 in mdDA neuronal development and subset specification.

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Plague and the Fall of Baghdad (1258)

Medical History ◽

10.1017/mdh.2021.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 157-177

Author(s):

Nahyan Fancy ◽

Monica H. Green

Keyword(s):

Fourteenth Century ◽

Thirteenth Century ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Epidemic Disease ◽

Late Medieval ◽

Western Asia ◽

Abbasid Caliphate ◽

Historical Accounts ◽

A Minor

AbstractThe recent suggestion that the late medieval Eurasian plague pandemic, the Black Death, had its origins in the thirteenth century rather than the fourteenth century has brought new scrutiny to texts reporting ‘epidemics’ in the earlier period. Evidence both from Song China and Iran suggests that plague was involved in major sieges laid by the Mongols between the 1210s and the 1250s, including the siege of Baghdad in 1258 which resulted in the fall of the Abbasid caliphate. In fact, re-examination of multiple historical accounts in the two centuries after the siege of Baghdad shows that the role of epidemic disease in the Mongol attacks was commonly known among chroniclers in Syria and Egypt, raising the question why these outbreaks have been overlooked in modern historiography of plague. The present study looks in detail at the evidence in Arabic sources for disease outbreaks after the siege of Baghdad in Iraq and its surrounding regions. We find subtle factors in the documentary record to explain why, even though plague received new scrutiny from physicians in the period, it remained a minor feature in stories about the Mongol invasion of western Asia. In contemporary understandings of the genesis of epidemics, the Mongols were not seen to have brought plague to Baghdad; they caused plague to arise by their rampant destruction. When an even bigger wave of plague struck the Islamic world in the fourteenth century, no association was made with the thirteenth-century episode. Rather, plague was now associated with the Mongol world as a whole.

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The role of heredity in cancer.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.1989.7.4.527 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 527-540 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

E G Levine ◽

R A King ◽

C D Bloomfield

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Familial Cancer ◽

Tumor Development ◽

Future Research ◽

Minor Role ◽

Research Activity ◽

Environmental Interactions ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

A Minor

Heredity is generally felt to play a minor role in the development of cancer. This review critically examines this assumption. Topics discussed include evidence for heritable predisposition in animals and humans; the potential importance of genetic-environmental interactions; approaches that are being used to successfully locate genes responsible for heritable predisposition; comparability of genetic findings among heritable and corresponding sporadic malignancies; and future research directions. Breast, colon, and lung cancer are used to exemplify clinical and research activity in familial cancer; clinical phenotypes, segregation and linkage analyses, models for environmental interactions with inherited traits, and molecular mechanisms of tumor development are discussed. We conclude that the contribution of heredity to the cancer burden is greater than generally accepted, and that study of heritable predisposition will continue to reveal carcinogenic mechanisms important to the development of all cancers.

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Metabolism of rat bone proteoglycans in vivo

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2160589 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 216 (3) ◽

pp. 589-596 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

C W Prince ◽

F Rahemtulla ◽

W T Butler

Keyword(s):

Extraction Procedure ◽

Total Radioactivity ◽

Mineralized Tissue ◽

Guanidinium Chloride ◽

Disaccharide Composition ◽

A Minor ◽

Papain Digestion ◽

Rat Bone

Former evaluations of the role of proteoglycans in mineralization have neglected to address the possibility that the metabolism of proteoglycans may be of significance in this regard. This problem was studied by using radiolabeling in vivo of rat calvaria with [35Sulphate for 2-72 h and a sequential extraction procedure to yield two pools of newly synthesized proteoglycans: one obtained from non-mineralized tissue by extraction with guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) and another obtained only after demineralization with EDTA. Total radioactivity in calvaria was maximal after 12 h of incorporation, but by 36 h had declined to a level that was about 55-65% of maximum. Radioactivity in the GdmCl extract declined steadily after 12 h, whereas that in the EDTA extract remained constant until 36 h, when it began to increase. Each extract contained a minor proteoglycan that eluted at the void volume (Vo) of a Sepharose CL-6B column. Unlike in the EDTA extract, this proteoglycan gradually disappeared from the GdmCl extract. Each extract also contained a major, smaller proteoglycan, with a Kav. of 0.24 and 0.36 in the GdmCl and EDTA extracts respectively. Papain digestion of each extract yielded glycosaminoglycan chains with Kav. values of 0.32 and 0.50 on CL-6B in the GdmCl and EDTA extracts respectively. Digestion of each extract with chondroitinase ABC and chondroitinase AC showed that the glycosaminoglycans were of similar disaccharide composition, with about 85% being 4-sulphated and the remainder 6-sulphated and/or iduronic acid-containing. These data suggest that about 45% of the newly synthesized proteoglycans are removed from the tissue during the course of mineralization.

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