scholarly journals Global Atmospheric Chemistry – Which Air Matters

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Prather ◽  
Xin Zhu ◽  
Clare M. Flynn ◽  
Sarah A. Strode ◽  
Jose M. Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Model Resolution ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Methane Budget ◽  
As Species ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Probability Densities

Abstract. An approach for analysis and modeling of global atmospheric chemistry is developed for application to measurements that provide a tropospheric climatology of those heterogeneously distributed, reactive species that control the loss of methane and the production and loss of ozone. We identify key species (e.g., O3, NOx, HNO3, HNO4, C2H3NO5, H2O, HOOH, CH3OOH, HCHO, CO, CH4, C2H6, acetaldehyde, acetone), and presume that they can be measured simultaneously in air parcels on the scale of a few km horizontally and a few tenths vertically. Six global models have prepared such climatologies (at model resolution) for August with emphasis on the vast central Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins. We show clear differences in model generated reactivities as well as species covariances that could readily be discriminated with an unbiased climatology. A primary tool is comparison of multi-dimensional probability densities of key species weighted by frequency of occurrence as well as by the reactivity of the parcels with respect to methane and ozone. The reactivity-weighted probabilities tell us which parcels matter in this case. Testing 100-km scale models with 2-km measurements using these tools also addresses a core question about model resolution and whether fine-scale atmospheric structures matter to the overall ozone and methane budget. A new method enabling these six global chemistry-climate models to ingest an externally-sourced climatology and then compute air parcel reactivity is demonstrated. Such an observed climatology is anticipated from the NASA Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) aircraft mission (2015–2020), measuring the key species, executing profiles over the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins. This work is a core part of the design of ATom.

scholarly journals Global atmospheric chemistry – which air matters

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 9081-9102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Prather ◽  
Xin Zhu ◽  
Clare M. Flynn ◽  
Sarah A. Strode ◽  
Jose M. Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Ocean Basin ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Central Pacific Ocean ◽  
Methane Budget ◽  
As Species ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Probability Densities

Abstract. An approach for analysis and modeling of global atmospheric chemistry is developed for application to measurements that provide a tropospheric climatology of those heterogeneously distributed, reactive species that control the loss of methane and the production and loss of ozone. We identify key species (e.g., O3, NOx, HNO3, HNO4, C2H3NO5, H2O, HOOH, CH3OOH, HCHO, CO, CH4, C2H6, acetaldehyde, acetone) and presume that they can be measured simultaneously in air parcels on the scale of a few km horizontally and a few tenths of a km vertically. As a first step, six global models have prepared such climatologies sampled at the modeled resolution for August with emphasis on the vast central Pacific Ocean basin. Objectives of this paper are to identify and characterize differences in model-generated reactivities as well as species covariances that could readily be discriminated with an unbiased climatology. A primary tool is comparison of multidimensional probability densities of key species weighted by the mass of such parcels or frequency of occurrence as well as by the reactivity of the parcels with respect to methane and ozone. The reactivity-weighted probabilities tell us which parcels matter in this case, and this method shows skill in differentiating among the models' chemistry. Testing 100 km scale models with 2 km measurements using these tools also addresses a core question about model resolution and whether fine-scale atmospheric structures matter to the overall ozone and methane budget. A new method enabling these six global chemistry–climate models to ingest an externally sourced climatology and then compute air parcel reactivity is demonstrated. Such an objective climatology containing these key species is anticipated from the NASA Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) aircraft mission (2015–2020), executing profiles over the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins. This modeling study addresses a core part of the design of ATom.

Revisiting ENSO Atmospheric Teleconnections and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréa S. Taschetto ◽  
Caroline C. Ummenhofer ◽  
Malte F. Stuecker ◽  
Dietmar Dommenget ◽  
Karumuri Ashok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Enso Teleconnections ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Atmospheric Teleconnections ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Frequency Modulations ◽  
The Tropics

<p>The warming of the equatorial Pacific associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) causes profound impacts on rainfall and temperature in the tropics and extratropics. El Niño drives changes in the Walker and Hadley circulations, warms the tropics and affects the neighboring ocean basins, favoring a short-term rise in global temperatures. We will present an overview of the atmospheric teleconnections driven by ENSO and its diversity focusing on the impacts over land and remote ocean basins. During El Niño, dry conditions are generally observed in the Maritime Continent, northern South America, South Asia and South Africa, while wet weather typically occurs in southwestern North America, western Antarctica, and east Africa. Global effects during La Niña are overall the opposite to El Niño, however this assumption is not true for all regions. ENSO atmospheric teleconnections are non-linear in part due to different locations of the anomalous equatorial warming (Eastern versus Central Pacific events) superimposed on the Pacific mean state, as well as interactions with the annual cycle, off-equatorial regions, remote ocean basins, and other modes of climate variability. Adding to this complex behavior, ENSO teleconnections are non-stationary either due to deterministic low-frequency modulations or stochastic variability, the latter being a factor generally overlooked in the literature. As the world warms in response to greenhouse gas forcing, ENSO atmospheric teleconnections are expected to change, despite large uncertainties in ENSO projections. We will discuss the limitations of climate models in representing realistic teleconnections from the tropical Pacific to remote regions and some of the challenges for future projections.</p>

scholarly journals Mineral dust modelling with MADE3 in EMAC v2.54

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christof G. Beer ◽  
Johannes Hendricks ◽  
Mattia Righi ◽  
Bernd Heinold ◽  
Ina Tegen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Model Resolution ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Dust Emissions

Abstract. Mineral dust particles play an important role in the climate system, by e.g. interacting with solar and terrestrial radiation or facilitating the formation of cloud droplets. Additionally, dust particles can act as very efficient ice nuclei in cirrus clouds. Many Global Chemistry Climate Models (GCCMs) use prescribed monthly mean mineral dust emissions representative of a specific year, based on a climatology. It was hypothesized that using dust emission climatologies may lead to misrepresentations of strong dust burst episodes, resulting in a negative bias of model dust concentrations compared to observations for these episodes. Here, we apply the aerosol microphysics submodel MADE3 (Modal Aerosol Dynamics model for Europe, adapted for global applications, third generation) as part of the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) general circulation model. We employ two different representations of mineral dust for our model simulations: i) a prescribed monthly-mean climatology of dust emissions representative of the year 2000; ii) an online dust parametrization which calculates wind-driven mineral dust emissions at every model time-step. We evaluate model results for these two dust representations by comparison with observations of aerosol optical depth from ground-based station data. The model results show a better agreement with the observations for strong dust burst events when using the online dust representation compared to the prescribed dust emissions setup. Furthermore, we analyse the effect of increasing the vertical and horizontal model resolution on mineral dust properties in our model. The model is evaluated against airborne in situ measurements performed during the SALTRACE mineral dust campaign (Saharan Aerosol Long-range Transport and Aerosol-Cloud Interaction Experiment, June/July 2013), i.e. observations of dust transported from the Sahara to the Caribbean. Results show that an increased horizontal and vertical model resolution is able to better represent the spatial distribution of airborne mineral dust, especially in the upper troposphere (above 400 hPa). Additionally, we analyse the effect of varying assumptions for the size distribution of emitted dust. The results of this study will help to identify the model setup best suited for future studies and to further improve the representation of mineral dust particles in EMAC-MADE3.

scholarly journals Modelling mineral dust emissions and atmospheric dispersion with MADE3 in EMAC v2.54

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4287-4303
Author(s):  
Christof G. Beer ◽  
Johannes Hendricks ◽  
Mattia Righi ◽  
Bernd Heinold ◽  
Ina Tegen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Model Resolution ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Dust Emissions

Abstract. It was hypothesized that using mineral dust emission climatologies in global chemistry climate models (GCCMs), i.e. prescribed monthly-mean dust emissions representative of a specific year, may lead to misrepresentations of strong dust burst events. This could result in a negative bias of model dust concentrations compared to observations for these episodes. Here, we apply the aerosol microphysics submodel MADE3 (Modal Aerosol Dynamics model for Europe, adapted for global applications, third generation) as part of the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) general circulation model. We employ two different representations of mineral dust emissions for our model simulations: (i) a prescribed monthly-mean climatology of dust emissions representative of the year 2000 and (ii) an online dust parametrization which calculates wind-driven mineral dust emissions at every model time step. We evaluate model results for these two dust representations by comparison with observations of aerosol optical depth from ground-based station data. The model results show a better agreement with the observations for strong dust burst events when using the online dust representation compared to the prescribed dust emissions setup. Furthermore, we analyse the effect of increasing the vertical and horizontal model resolution on the mineral dust properties in our model. We compare results from simulations with T42L31 and T63L31 model resolution (2.8∘×2.8∘ and 1.9∘×1.9∘ in latitude and longitude, respectively; 31 vertical levels) with the reference setup (T42L19). The different model versions are evaluated against airborne in situ measurements performed during the SALTRACE mineral dust campaign (Saharan Aerosol Long-range Transport and Aerosol-Cloud Interaction Experiment, June–July 2013), i.e. observations of dust transported from the Sahara to the Caribbean. Results show that an increased horizontal and vertical model resolution is able to better represent the spatial distribution of airborne mineral dust, especially in the upper troposphere (above 400 hPa). Additionally, we analyse the effect of varying assumptions for the size distribution of emitted dust but find only a weak sensitivity concerning these changes. The results of this study will help to identify the model setup best suited for future studies and to further improve the representation of mineral dust particles in EMAC-MADE3.

Distinct Patterns of Cloud Changes Associated with Decadal Variability and Their Contribution to Observed Cloud Cover Trends

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (21) ◽  
pp. 7281-7301
Author(s):  
Yong-Jhih Chen ◽  
Yen-Ting Hwang ◽  
Mark D. Zelinka ◽  
Chen Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Decadal Variability ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Low Cloud ◽  
Low Cloud Cover

Abstract With the goal of understanding the relative roles of anthropogenic and natural factors in driving observed cloud trends, this study investigates cloud changes associated with decadal variability including the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). In the preindustrial simulations of CMIP5 global climate models (GCMs), the spatial patterns and the vertical structures of the PDO-related cloud cover changes in the Pacific are consistent among models. Meanwhile, the models show consistent AMO impacts on high cloud cover in the tropical Atlantic, subtropical eastern Pacific, and equatorial central Pacific, and on low cloud cover in the North Atlantic and subtropical northeast Pacific. The cloud cover changes associated with the PDO and the AMO can be understood via the relationships between large-scale meteorological parameters and clouds on interannual time scales. When compared to the satellite records during the period of 1983–2009, the patterns of total and low cloud cover trends associated with decadal variability are significantly correlated with patterns of cloud cover trends in ISCCP observations. On the other hand, the pattern of the estimated greenhouse gas (GHG)-forced trends of total cloud cover differs from that related to decadal variability, and may explain the positive trends in the subtropical southeast Pacific, negative trends in the midlatitudes, and positive trends poleward of 50°N/S. In most models, the magnitude of the estimated decadal variability contribution to the observed cloud cover trends is larger than that contributed by GHG, suggesting the observed cloud cover trends are more closely related to decadal variability than to GHG-induced warming.

scholarly journals Research Gap Analysis of Remote Sensing Application in Fisheries: Prospects for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013
Author(s):  
Kuo-Wei Yen ◽  
Chia-Hsiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Research Hotspots

Remote sensing (RS) technology, which can facilitate the sustainable management and development of fisheries, is easily accessible and exhibits high performance. It only requires the collection of sufficient information, establishment of databases and input of human and capital resources for analysis. However, many countries are unable to effectively ensure the sustainable development of marine fisheries due to technological limitations. The main challenge is the gap in the conditions for sustainable development between developed and developing countries. Therefore, this study applied the Web of Science database and geographic information systems to analyze the gaps in fisheries science in various countries over the past 10 years. Most studies have been conducted in the offshore marine areas of the northeastern United States of America. In addition, all research hotspots were located in the Northern Hemisphere, indicating a lack of relevant studies from the Southern Hemisphere. This study also found that research hotspots of satellite RS applications in fisheries were mainly conducted in (1) the northeastern sea area in the United States, (2) the high seas area of the North Atlantic Ocean, (3) the surrounding sea areas of France, Spain and Portugal, (4) the surrounding areas of the Indian Ocean and (5) the East China Sea, Yellow Sea and Bohai Bay sea areas to the north of Taiwan. A comparison of publications examining the three major oceans indicated that the Atlantic Ocean was the most extensively studied in terms of RS applications in fisheries, followed by the Indian Ocean, while the Pacific Ocean was less studied than the aforementioned two regions. In addition, all research hotspots were located in the Northern Hemisphere, indicating a lack of relevant studies from the Southern Hemisphere. The Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean have been the subjects of many local in-depth studies; in the Pacific Ocean, the coastal areas have been abundantly investigated, while offshore local areas have only been sporadically addressed. Collaboration and partnership constitute an efficient approach for transferring skills and technology across countries. For the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030, research networks can be expanded to mitigate the research gaps and improve the sustainability of marine fisheries resources.

The trace of the Pacific-Cocos-Nazca triple junction in the Central Pacific and the formation of an overlapping spreading centre

Terra Nova ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Meschede ◽  
Udo Barckhausen ◽  
Martin Engels ◽  
Wilhelm Weinrebe
Keyword(s):  
Triple Junction ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
The Pacific

Annual, Interannual, and Intraseasonal Variability of Tropical Tropopause Transition Layer Cirrus

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 3097-3112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina S. Virts ◽  
John M. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cycle ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Transition Layer ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Cirrus Clouds ◽  
Boreal Winter ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Tropical Tropopause ◽  
The Pacific

Abstract Cloud fields based on the first three years of data from the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) mission are used to investigate the relationship between cirrus within the tropical tropopause transition layer (TTL) and the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the annual cycle, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The TTL cirrus signature observed in association with the MJO resembles convectively induced, mixed Kelvin–Rossby wave solutions above the Pacific warm pool region. This signature is centered to the east of the peak convection and propagates eastward more rapidly than the convection; it exhibits a pronounced eastward tilt with height, suggestive of downward phase propagation and upward energy dispersion. A cirrus maximum is observed over equatorial Africa and South America when the enhanced MJO-related convection enters the western Pacific. Tropical-mean TTL cirrus is modulated by the MJO, with more than twice as much TTL cirrus fractional coverage equatorward of 10° latitude when the enhanced convection enters the Pacific than a few weeks earlier, when the convection is over the Indian Ocean. The annual cycle in cirrus clouds around the base of the TTL is equatorially asymmetric, with more cirrus observed in the summer hemisphere. Higher in the TTL, the annual cycle in cirrus clouds is more equatorially symmetric, with a maximum in the boreal winter throughout most of the tropics. The ENSO signature in TTL cirrus is marked by a zonal shift of the peak cloudiness toward the central Pacific during El Niño and toward the Maritime Continent during La Niña.

Projected sea-level changes in the marginal seas near China based on dynamical downscaling

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-52
Author(s):  
Yi Jin ◽  
Xuebin Zhang ◽  
John A. Church ◽  
Xianwen Bao
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Dynamical Downscaling ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Open Boundary ◽  
Open Boundary Conditions ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Marginal Seas ◽  
The Pacific

AbstractProjections of future sea-level changes are usually based on global climate models (GCMs). However, the changes in shallow coastal regions, like the marginal seas near China, cannot be fully resolved in GCMs. To improve regional sea-level simulations, a high-resolution (~8 km) regional ocean model is set up for the marginal seas near China for both the historical (1994-2015) and future (2079-2100) periods under representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5. The historical ocean simulations are evaluated at different spatiotemporal scales, and the model is then integrated for the future period, driven by projected monthly climatological climate change signals from 8 GCMs individually via both surface and open boundary conditions. The downscaled ocean changes derived by comparing historical and future experiments reveal greater spatial details than those from GCMs, e.g., a low dynamic sea level (DSL) centre of -0.15 m in the middle of the South China Sea (SCS). As a novel test, the downscaled results driven by the ensemble mean forcings are almost identical with the ensemble average results from individually downscaled cases. Forcing of the DSL change and increased cyclonic circulation in the SCS are dominated by the climate change signals from the Pacific, while the DSL change in the East China marginal seas is caused by both local atmosphere forcing and signals from the Pacific. The method of downscaling developed in this study is a useful modelling protocol for adaptation and mitigation planning for future oceanic climate changes.

EL NINO EFFECTS ON THE ARCTIC STRATOSPHERE ACCORDING TO CMIP5 MODELS AND REANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-23
Author(s):  
M. A. Kolennikova ◽  
◽  
P. N. Vargin ◽  
D. Yu. Gushchina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Cmip5 Models ◽  
Composite Analysis ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Coupled Climate Models

The response of the Arctic stratosphere to El Nio is studied with account of its Eastern and Central Pacific types for the period of 1950-2005. The study is based on the regression and composite analysis using the simulations with six CMIP5 coupled climate models and reanalysis data.

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