scholarly journals Long-term measurements (2009–2015) of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in a megacity of China: implication for emission validation and source control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yarong Peng ◽  
Hongli Wang ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Shengao Jing ◽  
Jingyu An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Ozone Formation Potential ◽  
Annual Scale ◽  
Atmospheric Concentrations ◽  
Emission Validation

Abstract. Long term measurements of air pollutants represented the footprints of emissions to some extent, which could provide useful and consecutive evolution of emissions. Both atmospheric concentrations and emissions of many air pollutants have been reported decreasing in the past decade due to the implement of various control measures in China, which were different for non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) with increasing emissions as reported previously. The present study employed the long-term (2009–2015) NMHCs measurements as well as the related social and economic activities data in Shanghai, a megacity in eastern China, to explore the evolution of NMHCs emissions during the periods. The meteorology and photochemistry which might impact the NMHCs measurements were tested as negligible effects on an annual scale. As a result, NMHCs mixing ratio showed no statistic interannual changes, of which compositions varied significantly. This resulted a statistically decreasing trend of ozone formation potential by 3.8 % yr−1 (p 

scholarly journals Trends in PM2.5 Concentration in Nagoya, Japan, from 2003 to 2018 and Impacts of PM2.5 Countermeasures

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 590
Author(s):  
Makiko Yamagami ◽  
Fumikazu Ikemori ◽  
Hironori Nakashima ◽  
Kunihiro Hisatsune ◽  
Kayo Ueda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Construction Machinery ◽  
Emission Regulations ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Stationary Sources ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

In Japan, various countermeasures have been undertaken to reduce the atmospheric concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). We evaluated the extent to which these countermeasures were effective in reducing PM2.5 concentrations by analyzing the long-term concentration trends of the major components of PM2.5 and their emissions in Nagoya City. PM2.5 concentrations decreased by 53% over the 16-year period from fiscal years 2003 to 2018 in Nagoya City. Elemental carbon (EC) was the component of PM2.5 with the greatest decrease in concentration over the 16 years, decreasing by 4.3 μg/m3, followed by SO42− (3.0 μg/m3), organic carbon (OC) (2.0 μg/m3), NH4+ (1.6 μg/m3), and NO3− (1.3 μg/m3). The decrease in EC concentration was found to be caused largely by the effect of diesel emission control. OC concentrations decreased because of the effects of volatile organic compound (VOC) emission regulations for stationary sources and reductions in VOCs emitted by vehicles and construction machinery. NO3− concentrations decreased alongside decreased contributions from vehicles, construction machinery, and stationary sources, in descending order of the magnitude of decrease. Although these findings identify some source control measures that have been effective in reducing PM2.5, they also reveal the ineffectiveness of some recent countermeasures for various components, such as those targeting OC concentrations.

scholarly journals Long-term measurements of ground-level ozone in Windsor, Canada – Part I. temporal variations and trends

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Xu ◽  
Tianchu Zhang ◽  
Yushan Su
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ground Level Ozone ◽  
Ozone Formation Potential ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Annual Means ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

Abstract. This study investigates temporal variations and long-term (1996–2015) trends of ground-level O3 (ozone) and its precursors, NOx (nitrogen oxides) and volatile organic compounds in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. During the 20-year study period, NOx, non-methane hydrocarbon concentrations and ozone formation potential decreased significantly by 58 %, 61 %, and 73 %, respectively, while O3 concentrations increased by 33 % (20.3 ppb in 1996 vs. 27 ppb in 2015). Our analysis revealed that the increased annual O3 concentrations in Windsor were due to (1) decreased O3 titration (by 50 % between 1996 and 2015) owing to declining nitric oxide concentrations, which is suggested by a slightly decreasing trend of annual mean total O3 concentrations after the titration effect is removed, (2) reduced local photochemical production of O3, because of dwindling precursor emissions, and (3) increased background O3 level that has more impact on the low-to-median concentrations. The net effect of those factors is decreasing peak O3 levels during the smog season from May to September, but an overall increasing trend of annual means. These results indicate that the emission control measures are effective in reducing peak ozone concentrations. However, challenges in lowering annual O3 levels call for long-term collaborative efforts in the region and around the globe.

scholarly journals Temporal variations and trend of ground-level ozone based on long-term measurements in Windsor, Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 7335-7345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Xu ◽  
Tianchu Zhang ◽  
Yushan Su
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ground Level Ozone ◽  
Ozone Formation Potential ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Annual Means ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

Abstract. This study investigates temporal variations and long-term (1996–2015) trends of ground-level O3 (ozone) and its precursors, NOx (nitrogen oxides), and volatile organic compounds in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. During the 20-year study period, NOx, non-methane hydrocarbon concentrations, and ozone formation potential decreased significantly by 58 %, 61 %, and 73 %, respectively, while O3 concentrations increased by 33 % (20.3 ppb in 1996 vs. 27 ppb in 2015). Our analysis revealed that the increased annual O3 concentrations in Windsor were due to (1) decreased O3 titration (by 50 % between 1996 and 2015) owing to declining nitric oxide concentrations, which is suggested by a slightly decreasing trend of annual mean total O3 concentrations after the titration effect is removed, (2) reduced local photochemical production of O3 because of dwindling precursor emissions, and (3) an increased background O3 level that has a greater impact on the low-to-median concentrations. The net effect of those factors is decreasing peak O3 levels during the smog season from May to September but an overall increasing trend of annual means. These results indicate that the emission control measures are effective in reducing peak ozone concentrations. However, challenges in lowering annual O3 levels call for long-term collaborative efforts in the region and around the globe.

scholarly journals Trends in emissions and concentrations of air pollutants in the lower troposphere in the Baltimore/Washington airshed from 1997 to 2011

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 3135-3178 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. He ◽  
J. W. Stehr ◽  
J. C. Hains ◽  
D. J. Krask ◽  
B. G. Doddridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Back Trajectory ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
Near Surface

Abstract. Trends in the composition of the lower atmosphere (0–1500 m altitude) and surface air quality over the Baltimore/Washington area and surrounding states were investigated for the period from 1997 to 2011. We examined emissions, ground-level observations and long-term aircraft measurements to characterize trends in air pollution. The USEPA Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) program reported substantial decreases in point sources resulting from national and regional control measures; these decreases are definitely reflected in the ground-level observations. The decreasing trend of CO column contents is ~8.0 Dobson Unit (DU) decade−1, corresponding to ~350 ppbv decade−1 in the lower troposphere. Satellite observations of long-term, near-surface CO show ~40% decrease over western Maryland between 2000 and 2011, the same magnitude as indicated by aircraft measurements over upwind regions of Baltimore/Washington aished. After compensating for inter-annual temperature variations, historical aircraft measurements suggest the daily net production of tropospheric ozone over Baltimore/Washington area decreases from ~20 ppbv in the late 1990s to ~7 ppbv in the early 2010s during the ozone season. A decrease in the long-term ozone column content is observed as ~2.0 DU decade−1 in the lowest 1500 m, corresponding to ~13 ppbv decade−1 decrease. Back trajectory cluster analysis demonstrates that emissions of air pollutants from Ohio and Pennsylvania through Maryland influence column contents of downwind ozone in the lower atmosphere. The trends of air pollutants reveal the success of regulations implemented over the last decade and the importance of region wide emission controls over the eastern United States.

Design rules and impact assessment for source control measures based on continuous long-term simulations

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
G. Vaes ◽  
J. Berlamont
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Design Rules ◽  
Peak Runoff ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Rainwater Tanks

In recent years, more emphasis has been put on source control measures in order to reduce the peak runoff from urban areas during wet weather conditions. This involves the construction of upstream storage and infiltration facilities and rainwater tanks for reuse in households and the revaluation of ditches. Because of the long emptying times of source control facilities, a long antecedent period of rainfall influences the design. In addition, these facilities most often have an outflow which is not linearly varying with the storage. Because of the high variability of the rainfall, the required storage volumes can therefore only be assessed well if continuous simulations with long rainfall series are performed. Based on long-term simulations design rules have been set-up for source control measures in Flanders.

scholarly journals Long-Term (2005–2017) View of Atmospheric Pollutants in Central China Using Multiple Satellite Observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Li ◽  
Xin Mei ◽  
Liangfu Chen ◽  
Lili Wang ◽  
Zifeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Central China ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Modis Aod

The air quality in China has experienced dramatic changes during the last few decades. To improve understanding of distribution, variations, and main influence factors of air pollution in central China, long-term multiple satellite observations from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) are used to characterize particle pollution and their primary gaseous precursors, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Hubei province during 2005–2017. Unlike other regions in eastern China, particle and gaseous pollutants exhibit distinct spatial and temporal patterns in central China due to differences in emission sources and control measures. OMI SO2 of the whole Hubei region reached the highest value of ~0.2 Dobson unit (DU) in 2007 and then declined by more than 90% to near background levels. By contrast, OMI NO2 grew from ~3.2 to 5.9 × 1015 molecules cm−2 during 2005–2011 and deceased to ~3.9 × 1015 molecules cm−2 in 2017. Unlike the steadily declining SO2, variations of OMI NO2 flattened out in 2016 and increased ~0.5 × 1015 molecules cm−2 during 2017. As result, MODIS AOD at 550 nm increased from 0.55 to the peak value of 0.7 during 2005–2011 and then decreased continuously to 0.38 by 2017. MODIS AOD and OMI SO2 has a high correlation (R > 0.8), indicating that annual variations of SO2 can explain most changes of AOD. The air pollution in central China has notable seasonal variations, which is heaviest in winter and light in summer. While air quality in eastern Hubei is dominated by gaseous pollution such as O3 and NOx, particle pollutants are mainly concentrated in central Hubei. The high consistency with ground measurements demonstrates that satellite observation can well capture variations of air pollution in regional scales. The increasing ozone (O3) and NO2 since 2016 suggests that more control measures should be made to reduce O3-related emissions. To improve the air quality in regional scale, it is necessary to monitor the dynamic emission sources with satellite observations at a finer resolution.

Research on the Economic Organization Environmental Impact

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-601
Author(s):  
Dan Paul Stefanescu ◽  
Oana Roxana Chivu ◽  
Claudiu Babis ◽  
Augustin Semenescu ◽  
Alina Gligor
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Material Environment ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Harmful Effects

Any economic activity carried out by an organization, can generate a wide range of environmental implications. Particularly important, must be considered the activities that have a significant negative effect on the environment, meaning those which pollute. Being known the harmful effects of pollution on the human health, the paper presents two models of utmost importance, one of the material environment-economy interactions balance and the other of the material flows between environmental factors and socio-economic activities. The study of these models enable specific conditions that must be satisfied for the economic processes friendly coexist to the environment for long term, meaning to have a minimal impact in that the residues resulting from the economic activity of the organization to be as less harmful to the environment.

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