Design rules and impact assessment for source control measures based on continuous long-term simulations

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
G. Vaes ◽  
J. Berlamont
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Design Rules ◽  
Peak Runoff ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Rainwater Tanks

In recent years, more emphasis has been put on source control measures in order to reduce the peak runoff from urban areas during wet weather conditions. This involves the construction of upstream storage and infiltration facilities and rainwater tanks for reuse in households and the revaluation of ditches. Because of the long emptying times of source control facilities, a long antecedent period of rainfall influences the design. In addition, these facilities most often have an outflow which is not linearly varying with the storage. Because of the high variability of the rainfall, the required storage volumes can therefore only be assessed well if continuous simulations with long rainfall series are performed. Based on long-term simulations design rules have been set-up for source control measures in Flanders.

scholarly journals Trends in PM2.5 Concentration in Nagoya, Japan, from 2003 to 2018 and Impacts of PM2.5 Countermeasures

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 590
Author(s):  
Makiko Yamagami ◽  
Fumikazu Ikemori ◽  
Hironori Nakashima ◽  
Kunihiro Hisatsune ◽  
Kayo Ueda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Construction Machinery ◽  
Emission Regulations ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Stationary Sources ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

In Japan, various countermeasures have been undertaken to reduce the atmospheric concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). We evaluated the extent to which these countermeasures were effective in reducing PM2.5 concentrations by analyzing the long-term concentration trends of the major components of PM2.5 and their emissions in Nagoya City. PM2.5 concentrations decreased by 53% over the 16-year period from fiscal years 2003 to 2018 in Nagoya City. Elemental carbon (EC) was the component of PM2.5 with the greatest decrease in concentration over the 16 years, decreasing by 4.3 μg/m3, followed by SO42− (3.0 μg/m3), organic carbon (OC) (2.0 μg/m3), NH4+ (1.6 μg/m3), and NO3− (1.3 μg/m3). The decrease in EC concentration was found to be caused largely by the effect of diesel emission control. OC concentrations decreased because of the effects of volatile organic compound (VOC) emission regulations for stationary sources and reductions in VOCs emitted by vehicles and construction machinery. NO3− concentrations decreased alongside decreased contributions from vehicles, construction machinery, and stationary sources, in descending order of the magnitude of decrease. Although these findings identify some source control measures that have been effective in reducing PM2.5, they also reveal the ineffectiveness of some recent countermeasures for various components, such as those targeting OC concentrations.

scholarly journals CREATING MULTI-TEMPORAL MAPS OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTS FOR IMPROVED LOCALIZATION OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B2-2020 ◽  
pp. 317-323
Author(s):  
J. Schachtschneider ◽  
C. Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
One Year

Abstract. The development of automated and autonomous vehicles requires highly accurate long-term maps of the environment. Urban areas contain a large number of dynamic objects which change over time. Since a permanent observation of the environment is impossible and there will always be a first time visit of an unknown or changed area, a map of an urban environment needs to model such dynamics.In this work, we use LiDAR point clouds from a large long term measurement campaign to investigate temporal changes. The data set was recorded along a 20 km route in Hannover, Germany with a Mobile Mapping System over a period of one year in bi-weekly measurements. The data set covers a variety of different urban objects and areas, weather conditions and seasons. Based on this data set, we show how scene and seasonal effects influence the measurement likelihood, and that multi-temporal maps lead to the best positioning results.

scholarly journals Autochthonous chikungunya and dengue fever outbreak in Mainland France, 2010-2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
F Franke ◽  
S Giron ◽  
A Cochet ◽  
C Jeannin ◽  
I Leparc-Goffart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Entomological Surveillance ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Investigation Methods ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control ◽  
Autochthonous Transmission

Abstract Background Aedes albopictus, vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses, is implanted in mainland France, exposing to the risk of autochthonous transmission. Since 2006, epidemiological and entomological surveillance activities aim to prevent or limit the occurrence of autochthonous cases. We aimed to describe episodes of transmission and control measures implemented in order to reflect on surveillance activities. Methods We reviewed all publications and documents produced on autochthonous transmission episodes in France and surveillance protocols. We reviewed surveillance activities, investigation methods and control measures implemented. Results Between 2010 and 2018, eight episodes of autochthonous dengue fever transmission and three of chikungunya were recorded in mainland France. All of them occurred in the South east of France, between July and October, when vector density was the highest. Transmission areas were limited to single domestic houses located in discontinuous urban areas. Only two episodes happened in two distinct areas. Chikungunya episodes led to 31 cases and dengue fever episodes to 23 cases. Most cases were identified by door-to-door investigations set-up in transmission areas. We isolated serotypes 1 and 2 for dengue and East Central South Africa lineage for chikungunya in autochthonous cases. Adulticide vector control measures were effective in controlling transmission. Seven episodes of transmission were due to failure in identifying primary imported cases. Four episodes occurred because of the absence or the lack of vector controls measures around primary imported cases. Conclusions Surveillance activities, and autochthonous cases investigations, were effective in limiting the extent of transmission, but were highly demanding for surveillance actors. Identified causes of transmission highlight the need of regular awareness campaigns targeting physicians and biologists. Key messages Effectiveness of the surveillance system of dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses, and autochthonous cases investigations. Needs of awareness and training courses targeting health professionals to the risk represented by these viruses.

scholarly journals Traffic restrictions in Beijing during the Sino-African Summit 2006: aerosol size distribution and visibility compared to long-term in situ observations

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 12971-12998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. F. Cheng ◽  
J. Heintzenberg ◽  
B. Wehner ◽  
Z. J. Wu ◽  
M. Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Aerosol Size Distribution ◽  
In Situ Observations

Abstract. Based on the long-term in-situ observations of aerosol particle number size distributions and meteorological parameters, the traffic restriction measures during the Sino-African Summit (4–6 November 2006) in Beijing, China have been found to be remarkably efficient in reducing the number concentration of aerosol particles, in particular Aitken and accumulation mode particles, and in improving the visibility. The influence of traffic restriction in Beijing on the particle concentrations differed for different particle sizes. More significant effects on fine particles with diameters ranging from 40 to 800 nm have been found. Based on statistical analysis of long-term observation, under comparable weather conditions, the source strength of the particles in Aitken and accumulation modes seemingly was reduced by 40–60% when the traffic restrictions were in place. It may be mainly due to the reduction of secondary particle formation. Our size-dependent aerosol data also indicate that measures led to reductions in particulate air pollution in the optically most important diameter range, whereas further vehicle control measures may lead to an increase in ultrafine particle formation from the gas phase if the condensational sink further decreased. Assuming that there were no traffic restrictions and with normal levels of the vehicle emissions, the visibilities during the Summit would have been lower by about 50%. The importance of the restrictions is highest when the wind speed is lower than 3 m s−1. The fact that over 95% cases with visual range lower than 5 km during 2004 to 2007 occurred when the local wind speed was lower than 3 m s−1 may suggest that future traffic restrictions will lead to significant improvements of visibility in Beijing.

scholarly journals Modeling tuberculosis incidence in Nepal

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sampurna Kakchapati ◽  
Sulawan Yotthanoo ◽  
Chamnein Choonpradup
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tuberculosis Incidence ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Objective Model ◽  
Period Data ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Male To Female

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis (TB) constitutes a large burden of infectious disease in Nepal. Objective: Model incidence of TB between 2003 and 2008 in Nepal. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in Nepal of tuberculosis incidence by gender and location over the six years period. Data were obtained for 198,719 tuberculosis cases from the Nepal Tuberculosis Center (NTC). A negative binomial model with two multiplicative components as predictors was used and provided a good fit. Results: The model extracted a decreasing trend during the first five years followed by a drop in 2008.The overall incidence of TB was 1.31 cases per 1,000 population with a male to female incidence rate ratio of 1.86. There were pronounced spatial variations with higher rates occurring in the Terai region, followed by the Hill, and Mountain regions. Conclusion: Tuberculosis incidence showed a steady decreasing trend, but the number of cases was still very high. Gender differences existed in TB incidence in Nepal. Higher rates were observed in the Terai Region and urban areas. These findings highlight the need for the tuberculosis control measures to remain on a sustained and long-term basis for the high TB burden rate of Nepal.

scholarly journals Long-term measurements (2009–2015) of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in a megacity of China: implication for emission validation and source control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yarong Peng ◽  
Hongli Wang ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Shengao Jing ◽  
Jingyu An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Ozone Formation Potential ◽  
Annual Scale ◽  
Atmospheric Concentrations ◽  
Emission Validation

Abstract. Long term measurements of air pollutants represented the footprints of emissions to some extent, which could provide useful and consecutive evolution of emissions. Both atmospheric concentrations and emissions of many air pollutants have been reported decreasing in the past decade due to the implement of various control measures in China, which were different for non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) with increasing emissions as reported previously. The present study employed the long-term (2009–2015) NMHCs measurements as well as the related social and economic activities data in Shanghai, a megacity in eastern China, to explore the evolution of NMHCs emissions during the periods. The meteorology and photochemistry which might impact the NMHCs measurements were tested as negligible effects on an annual scale. As a result, NMHCs mixing ratio showed no statistic interannual changes, of which compositions varied significantly. This resulted a statistically decreasing trend of ozone formation potential by 3.8 % yr−1 (p 

scholarly journals Establish high-resolution hourly weather data for simulating building energy consumption in different regions

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 04032
Author(s):  
Feng-Yi Lin ◽  
Ruey-Lung Hwang ◽  
Tzu-Ping Lin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City

Due to the various local weather conditions in different regions of the city, the demand for air conditioning (AC) of housing is different, too. It happened occasionally to underestimate the energy consumption of AC in urban areas, because of using suburban/rural weather station data for building energy simulation. This study set up 34 automatic weather stations in the urban area of Tainan City, Taiwan for a year-round collection of local temperature and relative humidity data. Those weather measurement, the GIS information of a buffer zone and multiple regression analysis were used to establish the relationship between the weather factors, needed for the morphing approach, and the parameters of landscape use and cover. The buffer zone is an area of 1000×1000 m2 around the measured point, and is divided to two layers with upwind and downwind parts. Local hourly weather-year files for a whole of the city with a resolution of 200×200 m2 were generated by the morphing approach. With the different local hourly weather-year files, the AC-required hours and energy consumption from May to October for a typical residential with hybrid ventilation mode was obtained by using the EnergyPlus. And the cumulative UHI of each grid between May and October is calculated by taking the average of the five lowest temperatures as the reference value. The result shows that the number of AC hours of residential will increase by 10%, and the energy consumption increase from 1000 kWh to 2500 kWh, when long-term UHI intensity increases from 2000 °C-hour to 9000 °C-hour.

Fertiliser responses of maize and winter wheat as a function of year and forecrop

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Árendás ◽  
P. Bónis ◽  
P. Csathó ◽  
D. Molnár ◽  
Z. Berzsenyi
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Chernozem Soil ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Positive Effect

The N, P and K effects of mineral fertilisers were examined in a long-term fertilisation experiment set up on chernozem soil with forest residues. The data from 20 experiments on winter wheat and 24 on maize were evaluated as a function of the year, the forecrop and the soil nutrient supplies.Of the two plant species, N effects were found to be greater for winter wheat. When sown after maize, the N responses of both wheat and maize were almost 1 t ha −1 greater than when winter wheat was the forecrop. The positive effect of phosphorus was only significant in winter wheat, while that of potassium was not significant for either species.In a wheat-wheat sequence, N fertiliser alone was only effective in wet years. In winter wheat, no phosphorus effects could be detected in any year without N fertilisation. In years with extreme weather conditions, P effects were only significant when wheat was grown after cereals.In dry years nitrogen only had a significant effect on the yield of maize after wheat if it was combined with phosphorus and potassium. In years with average or above-average rainfall maize was able to extract sufficient phosphorus for its development even from soils with poor P supplies; yield increases were limited by other factors.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document